diff --git a/modal/_output.py b/modal/_output.py
index e16b95c37..6c771fb99 100644
--- a/modal/_output.py
+++ b/modal/_output.py
@@ -30,7 +30,6 @@
 )
 from rich.spinner import Spinner
 from rich.text import Text
-from rich.tree import Tree
 
 from modal_proto import api_pb2
 
@@ -75,24 +74,6 @@ def substep_completed(message: str) -> RenderableType:
     return f"🔨 {message}"
 
 
-class StatusRow:
-    def __init__(self, progress: "Optional[Tree]"):
-        self._spinner = None
-        self._step_node = None
-        if progress is not None:
-            self._spinner = step_progress()
-            self._step_node = progress.add(self._spinner)
-
-    def message(self, message):
-        if self._spinner is not None:
-            self._spinner.update(text=message)
-
-    def finish(self, message):
-        if self._step_node is not None:
-            self._spinner.update(text=message)
-            self._step_node.label = substep_completed(message)
-
-
 def download_progress_bar() -> Progress:
     """
     Returns a progress bar suitable for showing file download progress.
@@ -167,7 +148,6 @@ class OutputManager:
     _app_page_url: Optional[str]
     _show_image_logs: bool
     _status_spinner_live: Optional[Live]
-    _tree: Optional[Tree]
 
     def __init__(
         self,
@@ -188,7 +168,6 @@ def __init__(
         self._app_page_url = None
         self._show_image_logs = False
         self._status_spinner_live = None
-        self._tree = None
 
     @classmethod
     def disable(cls):
@@ -387,30 +366,6 @@ def show_status_spinner(self):
         with self._status_spinner_live:
             yield
 
-    @classmethod
-    @contextlib.contextmanager
-    def make_tree(cls):
-        if output_mgr := OutputManager.get():
-            tree = output_mgr._tree = Tree(step_progress("Creating objects..."), guide_style="gray50")
-            with output_mgr.make_live(tree):
-                try:
-                    yield
-                finally:
-                    output_mgr._tree = None
-            tree.label = step_completed("Created objects.")
-            output_mgr.print(tree)
-        else:
-            yield
-
-    @classmethod
-    def add_status_row(cls) -> "StatusRow":
-        # Return a status row to be used for object creation.
-        # If output isn't enabled, just create a hidden tree
-        if cls._instance and cls._instance._tree:
-            return StatusRow(cls._instance._tree)
-        else:
-            return StatusRow(Tree(""))
-
 
 class ProgressHandler:
     live: Live
@@ -703,11 +658,12 @@ class FunctionCreationStatus:
     tag: str
     response: Optional[api_pb2.FunctionCreateResponse] = None
 
-    def __init__(self, tag):
+    def __init__(self, resolver, tag):
+        self.resolver = resolver
         self.tag = tag
 
     def __enter__(self):
-        self.status_row = OutputManager.add_status_row()
+        self.status_row = self.resolver.add_status_row()
         self.status_row.message(f"Creating function {self.tag}...")
         return self
 
@@ -738,7 +694,7 @@ def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
 
             # Print custom domain in terminal
             for custom_domain in self.response.function.custom_domain_info:
-                custom_domain_status_row = OutputManager.add_status_row()
+                custom_domain_status_row = self.resolver.add_status_row()
                 custom_domain_status_row.finish(
                     f"Custom domain for {self.tag} => [magenta underline]"
                     f"{custom_domain.url}[/magenta underline]{suffix}"
diff --git a/modal/_resolver.py b/modal/_resolver.py
index ae3793918..8fd69b3f8 100644
--- a/modal/_resolver.py
+++ b/modal/_resolver.py
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 # Copyright Modal Labs 2023
 import asyncio
+import contextlib
 from asyncio import Future
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Dict, Hashable, List, Optional
 
@@ -11,9 +12,35 @@
 from .exception import NotFoundError
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from rich.tree import Tree
+
     from modal.object import _Object
 
 
+class StatusRow:
+    def __init__(self, progress: "Optional[Tree]"):
+        from ._output import (
+            step_progress,
+        )
+
+        self._spinner = None
+        self._step_node = None
+        if progress is not None:
+            self._spinner = step_progress()
+            self._step_node = progress.add(self._spinner)
+
+    def message(self, message):
+        if self._spinner is not None:
+            self._spinner.update(text=message)
+
+    def finish(self, message):
+        from ._output import substep_completed
+
+        if self._step_node is not None:
+            self._spinner.update(text=message)
+            self._step_node.label = substep_completed(message)
+
+
 class Resolver:
     _local_uuid_to_future: Dict[str, Future]
     _environment_name: Optional[str]
@@ -28,7 +55,12 @@ def __init__(
         environment_name: Optional[str] = None,
         app_id: Optional[str] = None,
     ):
+        from rich.tree import Tree
+
+        from ._output import step_progress
+
         self._local_uuid_to_future = {}
+        self._tree = Tree(step_progress("Creating objects..."), guide_style="gray50")
         self._client = client
         self._app_id = app_id
         self._environment_name = environment_name
@@ -123,3 +155,19 @@ def objects(self) -> List["_Object"]:
             obj = fut.result()
             unique_objects.setdefault(obj.object_id, obj)
         return list(unique_objects.values())
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def display(self):
+        # TODO(erikbern): get rid of this wrapper
+        from ._output import OutputManager, step_completed
+
+        if output_mgr := OutputManager.get():
+            with output_mgr.make_live(self._tree):
+                yield
+            self._tree.label = step_completed("Created objects.")
+            output_mgr.print(self._tree)
+        else:
+            yield
+
+    def add_status_row(self) -> StatusRow:
+        return StatusRow(self._tree)
diff --git a/modal/functions.py b/modal/functions.py
index 0978e3fef..a01a44ada 100644
--- a/modal/functions.py
+++ b/modal/functions.py
@@ -353,7 +353,7 @@ async def _load(method_bound_function: "_Function", resolver: Resolver, existing
                 existing_function_id=existing_object_id or method_bound_function.object_id or "",
             )
             assert resolver.client.stub is not None  # client should be connected when load is called
-            with FunctionCreationStatus(full_name) as function_creation_status:
+            with FunctionCreationStatus(resolver, full_name) as function_creation_status:
                 response = await resolver.client.stub.FunctionCreate(request)
                 method_bound_function._hydrate(
                     response.function_id,
@@ -715,7 +715,7 @@ async def _preload(self: _Function, resolver: Resolver, existing_object_id: Opti
 
         async def _load(self: _Function, resolver: Resolver, existing_object_id: Optional[str]):
             assert resolver.client and resolver.client.stub
-            with FunctionCreationStatus(tag) as function_creation_status:
+            with FunctionCreationStatus(resolver, tag) as function_creation_status:
                 if is_generator:
                     function_type = api_pb2.Function.FUNCTION_TYPE_GENERATOR
                 else:
diff --git a/modal/mount.py b/modal/mount.py
index 779c743e4..4344e6b5a 100644
--- a/modal/mount.py
+++ b/modal/mount.py
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
 from modal_proto import api_pb2
 from modal_version import __version__
 
-from ._output import OutputManager
 from ._resolver import Resolver
 from ._utils.async_utils import synchronize_api
 from ._utils.blob_utils import FileUploadSpec, blob_upload_file, get_file_upload_spec_from_path
@@ -430,7 +429,7 @@ async def _load_mount(
         accounted_hashes: set[str] = set()
         message_label = _Mount._description(self._entries)
         blob_upload_concurrency = asyncio.Semaphore(16)  # Limit uploads of large files.
-        status_row = OutputManager.add_status_row()
+        status_row = resolver.add_status_row()
 
         async def _put_file(file_spec: FileUploadSpec) -> api_pb2.MountFile:
             nonlocal n_seen, n_finished, total_uploads, total_bytes
diff --git a/modal/runner.py b/modal/runner.py
index 905a9db4b..116fa063d 100644
--- a/modal/runner.py
+++ b/modal/runner.py
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ async def _create_all_objects(
         environment_name=environment_name,
         app_id=running_app.app_id,
     )
-    with OutputManager.make_tree():
+    with resolver.display():
         # Get current objects, and reset all objects
         tag_to_object_id = running_app.tag_to_object_id
         running_app.tag_to_object_id = {}
diff --git a/test/conftest.py b/test/conftest.py
index c5cf8cf7e..4bc10e3e0 100644
--- a/test/conftest.py
+++ b/test/conftest.py
@@ -30,7 +30,6 @@
 import modal._serialization
 from modal import __version__, config
 from modal._container_io_manager import _ContainerIOManager
-from modal._output import OutputManager
 from modal._serialization import serialize_data_format
 from modal._utils.async_utils import asyncify, synchronize_api
 from modal._utils.grpc_testing import patch_mock_servicer
@@ -1552,11 +1551,6 @@ async def reset_default_client():
     Client.set_env_client(None)
 
 
-@pytest_asyncio.fixture(scope="function", autouse=True)
-async def reset_output_manager():
-    OutputManager._instance = None
-
-
 @pytest.fixture(name="mock_dir", scope="session")
 def mock_dir_factory():
     """Sets up a temp dir with content as specified in a nested dict