node_http2.cc

#include "aliased_buffer.h"
#include "node.h"
#include "node_buffer.h"
#include "node_http2.h"
#include "node_http2_state.h"
#include "node_perf.h"

#include <algorithm>

namespace node {

using v8::ArrayBuffer;
using v8::Boolean;
using v8::Context;
using v8::Float64Array;
using v8::Function;
using v8::Integer;
using v8::Number;
using v8::ObjectTemplate;
using v8::String;
using v8::Uint32;
using v8::Uint32Array;
using v8::Undefined;

using node::performance::PerformanceEntry;
namespace http2 {

namespace {

const char zero_bytes_256[256] = {};

inline Http2Stream* GetStream(Http2Session* session,
                              int32_t id,
                              nghttp2_data_source* source) {
  Http2Stream* stream = static_cast<Http2Stream*>(source->ptr);
  if (stream == nullptr)
    stream = session->FindStream(id);
  CHECK_NE(stream, nullptr);
  CHECK_EQ(id, stream->id());
  return stream;
}

}  // anonymous namespace

// These configure the callbacks required by nghttp2 itself. There are
// two sets of callback functions, one that is used if a padding callback
// is set, and other that does not include the padding callback.
const Http2Session::Callbacks Http2Session::callback_struct_saved[2] = {
    Callbacks(false),
    Callbacks(true)};

// The Http2Scope object is used to queue a write to the i/o stream. It is
// used whenever any action is take on the underlying nghttp2 API that may
// push data into nghttp2 outbound data queue.
//
// For example:
//
// Http2Scope h2scope(session);
// nghttp2_submit_ping(**session, ... );
//
// When the Http2Scope passes out of scope and is deconstructed, it will
// call Http2Session::MaybeScheduleWrite().
Http2Scope::Http2Scope(Http2Stream* stream) : Http2Scope(stream->session()) {}

Http2Scope::Http2Scope(Http2Session* session) {
  if (session == nullptr)
    return;

  if (session->flags_ & (SESSION_STATE_HAS_SCOPE |
                         SESSION_STATE_WRITE_SCHEDULED)) {
    // There is another scope further below on the stack, or it is already
    // known that a write is scheduled. In either case, there is nothing to do.
    return;
  }
  session->flags_ |= SESSION_STATE_HAS_SCOPE;
  session_ = session;

  // Always keep the session object alive for at least as long as
  // this scope is active.
  session_handle_ = session->object();
  CHECK(!session_handle_.IsEmpty());
}

Http2Scope::~Http2Scope() {
  if (session_ == nullptr)
    return;

  session_->flags_ &= ~SESSION_STATE_HAS_SCOPE;
  session_->MaybeScheduleWrite();
}

// The Http2Options object is used during the construction of Http2Session
// instances to configure an appropriate nghttp2_options struct. The class
// uses a single TypedArray instance that is shared with the JavaScript side
// to more efficiently pass values back and forth.
Http2Options::Http2Options(Environment* env) {
  nghttp2_option_new(&options_);

  // We manually handle flow control within a session in order to
  // implement backpressure -- that is, we only send WINDOW_UPDATE
  // frames to the remote peer as data is actually consumed by user
  // code. This ensures that the flow of data over the connection
  // does not move too quickly and limits the amount of data we
  // are required to buffer.
  nghttp2_option_set_no_auto_window_update(options_, 1);

  // Enable built in support for ALTSVC frames. Once we add support for
  // other non-built in extension frames, this will need to be handled
  // a bit differently. For now, let's let nghttp2 take care of it.
  nghttp2_option_set_builtin_recv_extension_type(options_, NGHTTP2_ALTSVC);

  AliasedBuffer<uint32_t, v8::Uint32Array>& buffer =
      env->http2_state()->options_buffer;
  uint32_t flags = buffer[IDX_OPTIONS_FLAGS];

  if (flags & (1 << IDX_OPTIONS_MAX_DEFLATE_DYNAMIC_TABLE_SIZE)) {
    nghttp2_option_set_max_deflate_dynamic_table_size(
        options_,
        buffer[IDX_OPTIONS_MAX_DEFLATE_DYNAMIC_TABLE_SIZE]);
  }

  if (flags & (1 << IDX_OPTIONS_MAX_RESERVED_REMOTE_STREAMS)) {
    nghttp2_option_set_max_reserved_remote_streams(
        options_,
        buffer[IDX_OPTIONS_MAX_RESERVED_REMOTE_STREAMS]);
  }

  if (flags & (1 << IDX_OPTIONS_MAX_SEND_HEADER_BLOCK_LENGTH)) {
    nghttp2_option_set_max_send_header_block_length(
        options_,
        buffer[IDX_OPTIONS_MAX_SEND_HEADER_BLOCK_LENGTH]);
  }

  // Recommended default
  nghttp2_option_set_peer_max_concurrent_streams(options_, 100);
  if (flags & (1 << IDX_OPTIONS_PEER_MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS)) {
    nghttp2_option_set_peer_max_concurrent_streams(
        options_,
        buffer[IDX_OPTIONS_PEER_MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS]);
  }

  // The padding strategy sets the mechanism by which we determine how much
  // additional frame padding to apply to DATA and HEADERS frames. Currently
  // this is set on a per-session basis, but eventually we may switch to
  // a per-stream setting, giving users greater control
  if (flags & (1 << IDX_OPTIONS_PADDING_STRATEGY)) {
    padding_strategy_type strategy =
        static_cast<padding_strategy_type>(
            buffer.GetValue(IDX_OPTIONS_PADDING_STRATEGY));
    SetPaddingStrategy(strategy);
  }

  // The max header list pairs option controls the maximum number of
  // header pairs the session may accept. This is a hard limit.. that is,
  // if the remote peer sends more than this amount, the stream will be
  // automatically closed with an RST_STREAM.
  if (flags & (1 << IDX_OPTIONS_MAX_HEADER_LIST_PAIRS)) {
    SetMaxHeaderPairs(buffer[IDX_OPTIONS_MAX_HEADER_LIST_PAIRS]);
  }

  // The HTTP2 specification places no limits on the number of HTTP2
  // PING frames that can be sent. In order to prevent PINGS from being
  // abused as an attack vector, however, we place a strict upper limit
  // on the number of unacknowledged PINGS that can be sent at any given
  // time.
  if (flags & (1 << IDX_OPTIONS_MAX_OUTSTANDING_PINGS)) {
    SetMaxOutstandingPings(buffer[IDX_OPTIONS_MAX_OUTSTANDING_PINGS]);
  }

  // The HTTP2 specification places no limits on the number of HTTP2
  // SETTINGS frames that can be sent. In order to prevent PINGS from being
  // abused as an attack vector, however, we place a strict upper limit
  // on the number of unacknowledged SETTINGS that can be sent at any given
  // time.
  if (flags & (1 << IDX_OPTIONS_MAX_OUTSTANDING_SETTINGS)) {
    SetMaxOutstandingSettings(buffer[IDX_OPTIONS_MAX_OUTSTANDING_SETTINGS]);
  }

  // The HTTP2 specification places no limits on the amount of memory
  // that a session can consume. In order to prevent abuse, we place a
  // cap on the amount of memory a session can consume at any given time.
  // this is a credit based system. Existing streams may cause the limit
  // to be temporarily exceeded but once over the limit, new streams cannot
  // created.
  // Important: The maxSessionMemory option in javascript is expressed in
  //            terms of MB increments (i.e. the value 1 == 1 MB)
  if (flags & (1 << IDX_OPTIONS_MAX_SESSION_MEMORY)) {
    SetMaxSessionMemory(buffer[IDX_OPTIONS_MAX_SESSION_MEMORY] * 1e6);
  }
}

void Http2Session::Http2Settings::Init() {
  entries_.AllocateSufficientStorage(IDX_SETTINGS_COUNT);
  AliasedBuffer<uint32_t, v8::Uint32Array>& buffer =
      env()->http2_state()->settings_buffer;
  uint32_t flags = buffer[IDX_SETTINGS_COUNT];

  size_t n = 0;

  if (flags & (1 << IDX_SETTINGS_HEADER_TABLE_SIZE)) {
    uint32_t val = buffer[IDX_SETTINGS_HEADER_TABLE_SIZE];
    DEBUG_HTTP2SESSION2(session_, "setting header table size: %d\n", val);
    entries_[n].settings_id = NGHTTP2_SETTINGS_HEADER_TABLE_SIZE;
    entries_[n].value = val;
    n++;
  }

  if (flags & (1 << IDX_SETTINGS_MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS)) {
    uint32_t val = buffer[IDX_SETTINGS_MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS];
    DEBUG_HTTP2SESSION2(session_, "setting max concurrent streams: %d\n", val);
    entries_[n].settings_id = NGHTTP2_SETTINGS_MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS;
    entries_[n].value = val;
    n++;
  }

  if (flags & (1 << IDX_SETTINGS_MAX_FRAME_SIZE)) {
    uint32_t val = buffer[IDX_SETTINGS_MAX_FRAME_SIZE];
    DEBUG_HTTP2SESSION2(session_, "setting max frame size: %d\n", val);
    entries_[n].settings_id = NGHTTP2_SETTINGS_MAX_FRAME_SIZE;
    entries_[n].value = val;
    n++;
  }

  if (flags & (1 << IDX_SETTINGS_INITIAL_WINDOW_SIZE)) {
    uint32_t val = buffer[IDX_SETTINGS_INITIAL_WINDOW_SIZE];
    DEBUG_HTTP2SESSION2(session_, "setting initial window size: %d\n", val);
    entries_[n].settings_id = NGHTTP2_SETTINGS_INITIAL_WINDOW_SIZE;
    entries_[n].value = val;
    n++;
  }

  if (flags & (1 << IDX_SETTINGS_MAX_HEADER_LIST_SIZE)) {
    uint32_t val = buffer[IDX_SETTINGS_MAX_HEADER_LIST_SIZE];
    DEBUG_HTTP2SESSION2(session_, "setting max header list size: %d\n", val);
    entries_[n].settings_id = NGHTTP2_SETTINGS_MAX_HEADER_LIST_SIZE;
    entries_[n].value = val;
    n++;
  }

  if (flags & (1 << IDX_SETTINGS_ENABLE_PUSH)) {
    uint32_t val = buffer[IDX_SETTINGS_ENABLE_PUSH];
    DEBUG_HTTP2SESSION2(session_, "setting enable push: %d\n", val);
    entries_[n].settings_id = NGHTTP2_SETTINGS_ENABLE_PUSH;
    entries_[n].value = val;
    n++;
  }

  count_ = n;
}

Http2Session::Http2Settings::Http2Settings(
    Environment* env)
        : AsyncWrap(env,
                    env->http2settings_constructor_template()
                        ->NewInstance(env->context())
                            .ToLocalChecked(),
                    AsyncWrap::PROVIDER_HTTP2SETTINGS),
          session_(nullptr),
          startTime_(0) {
  Init();
}

// The Http2Settings class is used to configure a SETTINGS frame that is
// to be sent to the connected peer. The settings are set using a TypedArray
// that is shared with the JavaScript side.
Http2Session::Http2Settings::Http2Settings(
    Http2Session* session)
        : AsyncWrap(session->env(),
                    session->env()->http2settings_constructor_template()
                        ->NewInstance(session->env()->context())
                            .ToLocalChecked(),
                    AsyncWrap::PROVIDER_HTTP2SETTINGS),
          session_(session),
          startTime_(uv_hrtime()) {
  Init();
}

Http2Session::Http2Settings::~Http2Settings() {
  if (!object().IsEmpty())
    ClearWrap(object());
  persistent().Reset();
  CHECK(persistent().IsEmpty());
}

// Generates a Buffer that contains the serialized payload of a SETTINGS
// frame. This can be used, for instance, to create the Base64-encoded
// content of an Http2-Settings header field.
inline Local<Value> Http2Session::Http2Settings::Pack() {
  const size_t len = count_ * 6;
  Local<Value> buf = Buffer::New(env(), len).ToLocalChecked();
  ssize_t ret =
      nghttp2_pack_settings_payload(
        reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(Buffer::Data(buf)), len,
        *entries_, count_);
  if (ret >= 0)
    return buf;
  else
    return Undefined(env()->isolate());
}

// Updates the shared TypedArray with the current remote or local settings for
// the session.
inline void Http2Session::Http2Settings::Update(Environment* env,
                                                Http2Session* session,
                                                get_setting fn) {
  AliasedBuffer<uint32_t, v8::Uint32Array>& buffer =
      env->http2_state()->settings_buffer;
  buffer[IDX_SETTINGS_HEADER_TABLE_SIZE] =
      fn(**session, NGHTTP2_SETTINGS_HEADER_TABLE_SIZE);
  buffer[IDX_SETTINGS_MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS] =
      fn(**session, NGHTTP2_SETTINGS_MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS);
  buffer[IDX_SETTINGS_INITIAL_WINDOW_SIZE] =
      fn(**session, NGHTTP2_SETTINGS_INITIAL_WINDOW_SIZE);
  buffer[IDX_SETTINGS_MAX_FRAME_SIZE] =
      fn(**session, NGHTTP2_SETTINGS_MAX_FRAME_SIZE);
  buffer[IDX_SETTINGS_MAX_HEADER_LIST_SIZE] =
      fn(**session, NGHTTP2_SETTINGS_MAX_HEADER_LIST_SIZE);
  buffer[IDX_SETTINGS_ENABLE_PUSH] =
      fn(**session, NGHTTP2_SETTINGS_ENABLE_PUSH);
}

// Initializes the shared TypedArray with the default settings values.
inline void Http2Session::Http2Settings::RefreshDefaults(Environment* env) {
  AliasedBuffer<uint32_t, v8::Uint32Array>& buffer =
      env->http2_state()->settings_buffer;

  buffer[IDX_SETTINGS_HEADER_TABLE_SIZE] =
      DEFAULT_SETTINGS_HEADER_TABLE_SIZE;
  buffer[IDX_SETTINGS_ENABLE_PUSH] =
      DEFAULT_SETTINGS_ENABLE_PUSH;
  buffer[IDX_SETTINGS_INITIAL_WINDOW_SIZE] =
      DEFAULT_SETTINGS_INITIAL_WINDOW_SIZE;
  buffer[IDX_SETTINGS_MAX_FRAME_SIZE] =
      DEFAULT_SETTINGS_MAX_FRAME_SIZE;
  buffer[IDX_SETTINGS_MAX_HEADER_LIST_SIZE] =
      DEFAULT_SETTINGS_MAX_HEADER_LIST_SIZE;
  buffer[IDX_SETTINGS_COUNT] =
    (1 << IDX_SETTINGS_HEADER_TABLE_SIZE) |
    (1 << IDX_SETTINGS_ENABLE_PUSH) |
    (1 << IDX_SETTINGS_INITIAL_WINDOW_SIZE) |
    (1 << IDX_SETTINGS_MAX_FRAME_SIZE) |
    (1 << IDX_SETTINGS_MAX_HEADER_LIST_SIZE);
}


void Http2Session::Http2Settings::Send() {
  Http2Scope h2scope(session_);
  CHECK_EQ(nghttp2_submit_settings(**session_, NGHTTP2_FLAG_NONE,
                                   *entries_, length()), 0);
}

void Http2Session::Http2Settings::Done(bool ack) {
  uint64_t end = uv_hrtime();
  double duration = (end - startTime_) / 1e6;

  Local<Value> argv[2] = {
    Boolean::New(env()->isolate(), ack),
    Number::New(env()->isolate(), duration)
  };
  MakeCallback(env()->ondone_string(), arraysize(argv), argv);
  delete this;
}

// The Http2Priority class initializes an appropriate nghttp2_priority_spec
// struct used when either creating a stream or updating its priority
// settings.
Http2Priority::Http2Priority(Environment* env,
                             Local<Value> parent,
                             Local<Value> weight,
                             Local<Value> exclusive) {
  Local<Context> context = env->context();
  int32_t parent_ = parent->Int32Value(context).ToChecked();
  int32_t weight_ = weight->Int32Value(context).ToChecked();
  bool exclusive_ = exclusive->BooleanValue(context).ToChecked();
  DEBUG_HTTP2("Http2Priority: parent: %d, weight: %d, exclusive: %d\n",
              parent_, weight_, exclusive_);
  nghttp2_priority_spec_init(&spec, parent_, weight_, exclusive_ ? 1 : 0);
}


inline const char* Http2Session::TypeName() {
  switch (session_type_) {
    case NGHTTP2_SESSION_SERVER: return "server";
    case NGHTTP2_SESSION_CLIENT: return "client";
    default:
      // This should never happen
      ABORT();
  }
}

// The Headers class initializes a proper array of nghttp2_nv structs
// containing the header name value pairs.
Headers::Headers(Isolate* isolate,
                 Local<Context> context,
                 Local<Array> headers) {
  Local<Value> header_string = headers->Get(context, 0).ToLocalChecked();
  Local<Value> header_count = headers->Get(context, 1).ToLocalChecked();
  count_ = header_count.As<Uint32>()->Value();
  int header_string_len = header_string.As<String>()->Length();

  if (count_ == 0) {
    CHECK_EQ(header_string_len, 0);
    return;
  }

  // Allocate a single buffer with count_ nghttp2_nv structs, followed
  // by the raw header data as passed from JS. This looks like:
  // | possible padding | nghttp2_nv | nghttp2_nv | ... | header contents |
  buf_.AllocateSufficientStorage((alignof(nghttp2_nv) - 1) +
                                 count_ * sizeof(nghttp2_nv) +
                                 header_string_len);
  // Make sure the start address is aligned appropriately for an nghttp2_nv*.
  char* start = reinterpret_cast<char*>(
      ROUND_UP(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(*buf_), alignof(nghttp2_nv)));
  char* header_contents = start + (count_ * sizeof(nghttp2_nv));
  nghttp2_nv* const nva = reinterpret_cast<nghttp2_nv*>(start);

  CHECK_LE(header_contents + header_string_len, *buf_ + buf_.length());
  CHECK_EQ(header_string.As<String>()
              ->WriteOneByte(reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(header_contents),
                             0, header_string_len,
                             String::NO_NULL_TERMINATION),
           header_string_len);

  size_t n = 0;
  char* p;
  for (p = header_contents; p < header_contents + header_string_len; n++) {
    if (n >= count_) {
      // This can happen if a passed header contained a null byte. In that
      // case, just provide nghttp2 with an invalid header to make it reject
      // the headers list.
      static uint8_t zero = '\0';
      nva[0].name = nva[0].value = &zero;
      nva[0].namelen = nva[0].valuelen = 1;
      count_ = 1;
      return;
    }

    nva[n].flags = NGHTTP2_NV_FLAG_NONE;
    nva[n].name = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(p);
    nva[n].namelen = strlen(p);
    p += nva[n].namelen + 1;
    nva[n].value = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(p);
    nva[n].valuelen = strlen(p);
    p += nva[n].valuelen + 1;
  }
}


// Sets the various callback functions that nghttp2 will use to notify us
// about significant events while processing http2 stuff.
Http2Session::Callbacks::Callbacks(bool kHasGetPaddingCallback) {
  CHECK_EQ(nghttp2_session_callbacks_new(&callbacks), 0);

  nghttp2_session_callbacks_set_on_begin_headers_callback(
    callbacks, OnBeginHeadersCallback);
  nghttp2_session_callbacks_set_on_header_callback2(
    callbacks, OnHeaderCallback);
  nghttp2_session_callbacks_set_on_frame_recv_callback(
    callbacks, OnFrameReceive);
  nghttp2_session_callbacks_set_on_stream_close_callback(
    callbacks, OnStreamClose);
  nghttp2_session_callbacks_set_on_data_chunk_recv_callback(
    callbacks, OnDataChunkReceived);
  nghttp2_session_callbacks_set_on_frame_not_send_callback(
    callbacks, OnFrameNotSent);
  nghttp2_session_callbacks_set_on_invalid_header_callback2(
    callbacks, OnInvalidHeader);
  nghttp2_session_callbacks_set_error_callback(
    callbacks, OnNghttpError);
  nghttp2_session_callbacks_set_send_data_callback(
    callbacks, OnSendData);
  nghttp2_session_callbacks_set_on_invalid_frame_recv_callback(
    callbacks, OnInvalidFrame);
  nghttp2_session_callbacks_set_on_frame_send_callback(
    callbacks, OnFrameSent);

  if (kHasGetPaddingCallback) {
    nghttp2_session_callbacks_set_select_padding_callback(
      callbacks, OnSelectPadding);
  }
}


Http2Session::Callbacks::~Callbacks() {
  nghttp2_session_callbacks_del(callbacks);
}

Http2Session::Http2Session(Environment* env,
                           Local<Object> wrap,
                           nghttp2_session_type type)
    : AsyncWrap(env, wrap, AsyncWrap::PROVIDER_HTTP2SESSION),
      session_type_(type) {
  MakeWeak<Http2Session>(this);
  statistics_.start_time = uv_hrtime();

  // Capture the configuration options for this session
  Http2Options opts(env);

  max_session_memory_ = opts.GetMaxSessionMemory();

  uint32_t maxHeaderPairs = opts.GetMaxHeaderPairs();
  max_header_pairs_ =
      type == NGHTTP2_SESSION_SERVER
          ? std::max(maxHeaderPairs, 4U)     // minimum # of request headers
          : std::max(maxHeaderPairs, 1U);    // minimum # of response headers

  max_outstanding_pings_ = opts.GetMaxOutstandingPings();
  max_outstanding_settings_ = opts.GetMaxOutstandingSettings();

  padding_strategy_ = opts.GetPaddingStrategy();

  bool hasGetPaddingCallback =
      padding_strategy_ != PADDING_STRATEGY_NONE;

  nghttp2_session_callbacks* callbacks
      = callback_struct_saved[hasGetPaddingCallback ? 1 : 0].callbacks;

  auto fn = type == NGHTTP2_SESSION_SERVER ?
      nghttp2_session_server_new2 :
      nghttp2_session_client_new2;

  // This should fail only if the system is out of memory, which
  // is going to cause lots of other problems anyway, or if any
  // of the options are out of acceptable range, which we should
  // be catching before it gets this far. Either way, crash if this
  // fails.
  CHECK_EQ(fn(&session_, callbacks, this, *opts), 0);

  outgoing_storage_.reserve(4096);
  outgoing_buffers_.reserve(32);
}

void Http2Session::Unconsume() {
  if (stream_ != nullptr) {
    DEBUG_HTTP2SESSION(this, "unconsuming the i/o stream");
    stream_->set_destruct_cb({ nullptr, nullptr });
    stream_->set_alloc_cb({ nullptr, nullptr });
    stream_->set_read_cb({ nullptr, nullptr });
    stream_->Unconsume();
    stream_ = nullptr;
  }
}

Http2Session::~Http2Session() {
  CHECK_EQ(flags_ & SESSION_STATE_HAS_SCOPE, 0);
  if (!object().IsEmpty())
    ClearWrap(object());
  persistent().Reset();
  CHECK(persistent().IsEmpty());
  Unconsume();
  DEBUG_HTTP2SESSION(this, "freeing nghttp2 session");
  nghttp2_session_del(session_);
}

inline bool HasHttp2Observer(Environment* env) {
  AliasedBuffer<uint32_t, v8::Uint32Array>& observers =
      env->performance_state()->observers;
  return observers[performance::NODE_PERFORMANCE_ENTRY_TYPE_HTTP2] != 0;
}

inline void Http2Stream::EmitStatistics() {
  if (!HasHttp2Observer(env()))
    return;
  Http2StreamPerformanceEntry* entry =
    new Http2StreamPerformanceEntry(env(), id_, statistics_);
  env()->SetImmediate([](Environment* env, void* data) {
    Http2StreamPerformanceEntry* entry =
      static_cast<Http2StreamPerformanceEntry*>(data);
    if (HasHttp2Observer(env)) {
      AliasedBuffer<double, v8::Float64Array>& buffer =
          env->http2_state()->stream_stats_buffer;
      buffer[IDX_STREAM_STATS_ID] = entry->id();
      if (entry->first_byte() != 0) {
        buffer[IDX_STREAM_STATS_TIMETOFIRSTBYTE] =
            (entry->first_byte() - entry->startTimeNano()) / 1e6;
      } else {
        buffer[IDX_STREAM_STATS_TIMETOFIRSTBYTE] = 0;
      }
      if (entry->first_header() != 0) {
        buffer[IDX_STREAM_STATS_TIMETOFIRSTHEADER] =
            (entry->first_header() - entry->startTimeNano()) / 1e6;
      } else {
        buffer[IDX_STREAM_STATS_TIMETOFIRSTHEADER] = 0;
      }
      if (entry->first_byte_sent() != 0) {
        buffer[IDX_STREAM_STATS_TIMETOFIRSTBYTESENT] =
            (entry->first_byte_sent() - entry->startTimeNano()) / 1e6;
      } else {
        buffer[IDX_STREAM_STATS_TIMETOFIRSTBYTESENT] = 0;
      }
      buffer[IDX_STREAM_STATS_SENTBYTES] = entry->sent_bytes();
      buffer[IDX_STREAM_STATS_RECEIVEDBYTES] = entry->received_bytes();
      entry->Notify(entry->ToObject());
    }
    delete entry;
  }, static_cast<void*>(entry));
}

inline void Http2Session::EmitStatistics() {
  if (!HasHttp2Observer(env()))
    return;
  Http2SessionPerformanceEntry* entry =
    new Http2SessionPerformanceEntry(env(), statistics_, session_type_);
  env()->SetImmediate([](Environment* env, void* data) {
    Http2SessionPerformanceEntry* entry =
      static_cast<Http2SessionPerformanceEntry*>(data);
    if (HasHttp2Observer(env)) {
      AliasedBuffer<double, v8::Float64Array>& buffer =
          env->http2_state()->session_stats_buffer;
      buffer[IDX_SESSION_STATS_TYPE] = entry->type();
      buffer[IDX_SESSION_STATS_PINGRTT] = entry->ping_rtt() / 1e6;
      buffer[IDX_SESSION_STATS_FRAMESRECEIVED] = entry->frame_count();
      buffer[IDX_SESSION_STATS_FRAMESSENT] = entry->frame_sent();
      buffer[IDX_SESSION_STATS_STREAMCOUNT] = entry->stream_count();
      buffer[IDX_SESSION_STATS_STREAMAVERAGEDURATION] =
          entry->stream_average_duration();
      buffer[IDX_SESSION_STATS_DATA_SENT] = entry->data_sent();
      buffer[IDX_SESSION_STATS_DATA_RECEIVED] = entry->data_received();
      buffer[IDX_SESSION_STATS_MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS] =
          entry->max_concurrent_streams();
      entry->Notify(entry->ToObject());
    }
    delete entry;
  }, static_cast<void*>(entry));
}

// Closes the session and frees the associated resources
void Http2Session::Close(uint32_t code, bool socket_closed) {
  DEBUG_HTTP2SESSION(this, "closing session");

  if (flags_ & SESSION_STATE_CLOSED)
    return;
  flags_ |= SESSION_STATE_CLOSED;

  // Stop reading on the i/o stream
  if (stream_ != nullptr)
    stream_->ReadStop();

  // If the socket is not closed, then attempt to send a closing GOAWAY
  // frame. There is no guarantee that this GOAWAY will be received by
  // the peer but the HTTP/2 spec recommends sendinng it anyway. We'll
  // make a best effort.
  if (!socket_closed) {
    Http2Scope h2scope(this);
    DEBUG_HTTP2SESSION2(this, "terminating session with code %d", code);
    CHECK_EQ(nghttp2_session_terminate_session(session_, code), 0);
  } else {
    Unconsume();
  }

  // If there are outstanding pings, those will need to be canceled, do
  // so on the next iteration of the event loop to avoid calling out into
  // javascript since this may be called during garbage collection.
  while (!outstanding_pings_.empty()) {
    Http2Session::Http2Ping* ping = PopPing();
    env()->SetImmediate([](Environment* env, void* data) {
      static_cast<Http2Session::Http2Ping*>(data)->Done(false);
    }, static_cast<void*>(ping));
  }

  statistics_.end_time = uv_hrtime();
  EmitStatistics();
}

// Locates an existing known stream by ID. nghttp2 has a similar method
// but this is faster and does not fail if the stream is not found.
inline Http2Stream* Http2Session::FindStream(int32_t id) {
  auto s = streams_.find(id);
  return s != streams_.end() ? s->second : nullptr;
}

inline bool Http2Session::CanAddStream() {
  uint32_t maxConcurrentStreams =
      nghttp2_session_get_local_settings(
          session_, NGHTTP2_SETTINGS_MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS);
  size_t maxSize =
      std::min(streams_.max_size(), static_cast<size_t>(maxConcurrentStreams));
  // We can add a new stream so long as we are less than the current
  // maximum on concurrent streams and there's enough available memory
  return streams_.size() < maxSize &&
         IsAvailableSessionMemory(sizeof(Http2Stream));
}

inline void Http2Session::AddStream(Http2Stream* stream) {
  CHECK_GE(++statistics_.stream_count, 0);
  streams_[stream->id()] = stream;
  size_t size = streams_.size();
  if (size > statistics_.max_concurrent_streams)
    statistics_.max_concurrent_streams = size;
  IncrementCurrentSessionMemory(stream->self_size());
}


inline void Http2Session::RemoveStream(Http2Stream* stream) {
  streams_.erase(stream->id());
  DecrementCurrentSessionMemory(stream->self_size());
}

// Used as one of the Padding Strategy functions. Will attempt to ensure
// that the total frame size, including header bytes, are 8-byte aligned.
// If maxPayloadLen is smaller than the number of bytes necessary to align,
// will return maxPayloadLen instead.
inline ssize_t Http2Session::OnDWordAlignedPadding(size_t frameLen,
                                                   size_t maxPayloadLen) {
  size_t r = (frameLen + 9) % 8;
  if (r == 0) return frameLen;  // If already a multiple of 8, return.

  size_t pad = frameLen + (8 - r);

  // If maxPayloadLen happens to be less than the calculated pad length,
  // use the max instead, even tho this means the frame will not be
  // aligned.
  pad = std::min(maxPayloadLen, pad);
  DEBUG_HTTP2SESSION2(this, "using frame size padding: %d", pad);
  return pad;
}

// Used as one of the Padding Strategy functions. Uses the maximum amount
// of padding allowed for the current frame.
inline ssize_t Http2Session::OnMaxFrameSizePadding(size_t frameLen,
                                                   size_t maxPayloadLen) {
  DEBUG_HTTP2SESSION2(this, "using max frame size padding: %d", maxPayloadLen);
  return maxPayloadLen;
}

// Used as one of the Padding Strategy functions. Uses a callback to JS land
// to determine the amount of padding for the current frame. This option is
// rather more expensive because of the JS boundary cross. It generally should
// not be the preferred option.
inline ssize_t Http2Session::OnCallbackPadding(size_t frameLen,
                                               size_t maxPayloadLen) {
  if (frameLen == 0) return 0;
  DEBUG_HTTP2SESSION(this, "using callback to determine padding");
  Isolate* isolate = env()->isolate();
  HandleScope handle_scope(isolate);
  Local<Context> context = env()->context();
  Context::Scope context_scope(context);

#if defined(DEBUG) && DEBUG
  CHECK(object()->Has(context, env()->ongetpadding_string()).FromJust());
#endif

  AliasedBuffer<uint32_t, v8::Uint32Array>& buffer =
      env()->http2_state()->padding_buffer;
  buffer[PADDING_BUF_FRAME_LENGTH] = frameLen;
  buffer[PADDING_BUF_MAX_PAYLOAD_LENGTH] = maxPayloadLen;
  buffer[PADDING_BUF_RETURN_VALUE] = frameLen;
  MakeCallback(env()->ongetpadding_string(), 0, nullptr);
  uint32_t retval = buffer[PADDING_BUF_RETURN_VALUE];
  retval = std::min(retval, static_cast<uint32_t>(maxPayloadLen));
  retval = std::max(retval, static_cast<uint32_t>(frameLen));
  DEBUG_HTTP2SESSION2(this, "using padding size %d", retval);
  return retval;
}


// Write data received from the i/o stream to the underlying nghttp2_session.
// On each call to nghttp2_session_mem_recv, nghttp2 will begin calling the
// various callback functions. Each of these will typically result in a call
// out to JavaScript so this particular function is rather hot and can be
// quite expensive. This is a potential performance optimization target later.
inline ssize_t Http2Session::Write(const uv_buf_t* bufs, size_t nbufs) {
  size_t total = 0;
  // Note that nghttp2_session_mem_recv is a synchronous operation that
  // will trigger a number of other callbacks. Those will, in turn have
  // multiple side effects.
  for (size_t n = 0; n < nbufs; n++) {
    DEBUG_HTTP2SESSION2(this, "receiving %d bytes [wants data? %d]",
                        bufs[n].len,
                        nghttp2_session_want_read(session_));
    ssize_t ret =
      nghttp2_session_mem_recv(session_,
                               reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(bufs[n].base),
                               bufs[n].len);
    CHECK_NE(ret, NGHTTP2_ERR_NOMEM);

    // If there is an error calling any of the callbacks, ret will be a
    // negative number identifying the error code. This can happen, for
    // instance, if the session is destroyed during any of the JS callbacks
    // Note: if ssize_t is not defined (e.g. on Win32), nghttp2 will typedef
    // ssize_t to int. Cast here so that the < 0 check actually works on
    // Windows.
    if (static_cast<int>(ret) < 0)
      return ret;

    total += ret;
  }
  // Send any data that was queued up while processing the received data.
  if (!IsDestroyed()) {
    SendPendingData();
  }
  return total;
}


inline int32_t GetFrameID(const nghttp2_frame* frame) {
  // If this is a push promise, we want to grab the id of the promised stream
  return (frame->hd.type == NGHTTP2_PUSH_PROMISE) ?
      frame->push_promise.promised_stream_id :
      frame->hd.stream_id;
}


// Called by nghttp2 at the start of receiving a HEADERS frame. We use this
// callback to determine if a new stream is being created or if we are simply
// adding a new block of headers to an existing stream. The header pairs
// themselves are set in the OnHeaderCallback
inline int Http2Session::OnBeginHeadersCallback(nghttp2_session* handle,
                                                const nghttp2_frame* frame,
                                                void* user_data) {
  Http2Session* session = static_cast<Http2Session*>(user_data);
  int32_t id = GetFrameID(frame);
  DEBUG_HTTP2SESSION2(session, "beginning headers for stream %d", id);

  Http2Stream* stream = session->FindStream(id);
  if (stream == nullptr) {
    if (session->CanAddStream()) {
      new Http2Stream(session, id, frame->headers.cat);
    } else {
      // Too many concurrent streams being opened
      nghttp2_submit_rst_stream(**session, NGHTTP2_FLAG_NONE, id,
                                NGHTTP2_ENHANCE_YOUR_CALM);
      return NGHTTP2_ERR_TEMPORAL_CALLBACK_FAILURE;
    }
  } else {
    // If the stream has already been destroyed, ignore.
    if (stream->IsDestroyed())
      return 0;
    stream->StartHeaders(frame->headers.cat);
  }
  return 0;
}

// Called by nghttp2 for each header name/value pair in a HEADERS block.
// This had to have been preceded by a call to OnBeginHeadersCallback so
// the Http2Stream is guaranteed to already exist.
inline int Http2Session::OnHeaderCallback(nghttp2_session* handle,
                                          const nghttp2_frame* frame,
                                          nghttp2_rcbuf* name,
                                          nghttp2_rcbuf* value,
                                          uint8_t flags,
                                          void* user_data) {
  Http2Session* session = static_cast<Http2Session*>(user_data);
  int32_t id = GetFrameID(frame);
  Http2Stream* stream = session->FindStream(id);
  CHECK_NE(stream, nullptr);
  // If the stream has already been destroyed, ignore.
  if (stream->IsDestroyed())
    return 0;
  if (!stream->AddHeader(name, value, flags)) {
    // This will only happen if the connected peer sends us more
    // than the allowed number of header items at any given time
    stream->SubmitRstStream(NGHTTP2_ENHANCE_YOUR_CALM);
    return NGHTTP2_ERR_TEMPORAL_CALLBACK_FAILURE;
  }
  return 0;
}


// Called by nghttp2 when a complete HTTP2 frame has been received. There are
// only a handful of frame types tha we care about handling here.
inline int Http2Session::OnFrameReceive(nghttp2_session* handle,
                                        const nghttp2_frame* frame,
                                        void* user_data) {
  Http2Session* session = static_cast<Http2Session*>(user_data);
  session->statistics_.frame_count++;
  DEBUG_HTTP2SESSION2(session, "complete frame received: type: %d",
                      frame->hd.type);
  switch (frame->hd.type) {
    case NGHTTP2_DATA:
      session->HandleDataFrame(frame);
      break;
    case NGHTTP2_PUSH_PROMISE:
      // Intentional fall-through, handled just like headers frames
    case NGHTTP2_HEADERS:
      session->HandleHeadersFrame(frame);
      break;
    case NGHTTP2_SETTINGS:
      session->HandleSettingsFrame(frame);
      break;
    case NGHTTP2_PRIORITY:
      session->HandlePriorityFrame(frame);
      break;
    case NGHTTP2_GOAWAY:
      session->HandleGoawayFrame(frame);
      break;
    case NGHTTP2_PING:
      session->HandlePingFrame(frame);
      break;
    case NGHTTP2_ALTSVC:
      session->HandleAltSvcFrame(frame);
      break;
    default:
      break;
  }
  return 0;
}

inline int Http2Session::OnInvalidFrame(nghttp2_session* handle,
                                        const nghttp2_frame *frame,
                                        int lib_error_code,
                                        void* user_data) {
  Http2Session* session = static_cast<Http2Session*>(user_data);

  DEBUG_HTTP2SESSION2(session, "invalid frame received, code: %d",
                      lib_error_code);

  // If the error is fatal or if error code is ERR_STREAM_CLOSED... emit error
  if (nghttp2_is_fatal(lib_error_code) ||
      lib_error_code == NGHTTP2_ERR_STREAM_CLOSED) {
    Environment* env = session->env();
    Isolate* isolate = env->isolate();
    HandleScope scope(isolate);
    Local<Context> context = env->context();
    Context::Scope context_scope(context);

    Local<Value> argv[1] = {
      Integer::New(isolate, lib_error_code),
    };
    session->MakeCallback(env->error_string(), arraysize(argv), argv);
  }
  return 0;
}

// If nghttp2 is unable to send a queued up frame, it will call this callback
// to let us know. If the failure occurred because we are in the process of
// closing down the session or stream, we go ahead and ignore it. We don't
// really care about those and there's nothing we can reasonably do about it
// anyway. Other types of failures are reported up to JavaScript. This should
// be exceedingly rare.
inline int Http2Session::OnFrameNotSent(nghttp2_session* handle,
                                        const nghttp2_frame* frame,
                                        int error_code,
                                        void* user_data) {
  Http2Session* session = static_cast<Http2Session*>(user_data);
  Environment* env = session->env();
  DEBUG_HTTP2SESSION2(session, "frame type %d was not sent, code: %d",
                      frame->hd.type, error_code);
  // Do not report if the frame was not sent due to the session closing
  if (error_code != NGHTTP2_ERR_SESSION_CLOSING &&
      error_code != NGHTTP2_ERR_STREAM_CLOSED &&
      error_code != NGHTTP2_ERR_STREAM_CLOSING) {
    Isolate* isolate = env->isolate();
    HandleScope scope(isolate);
    Local<Context> context = env->context();
    Context::Scope context_scope(context);

    Local<Value> argv[3] = {
      Integer::New(isolate, frame->hd.stream_id),
      Integer::New(isolate, frame->hd.type),
      Integer::New(isolate, error_code)
    };
    session->MakeCallback(env->onframeerror_string(), arraysize(argv), argv);
  }
  return 0;
}

inline int Http2Session::OnFrameSent(nghttp2_session* handle,
                                     const nghttp2_frame* frame,
                                     void* user_data) {
  Http2Session* session = static_cast<Http2Session*>(user_data);
  session->statistics_.frame_sent += 1;
  return 0;
}

// Called by nghttp2 when a stream closes.
inline int Http2Session::OnStreamClose(nghttp2_session* handle,
                                       int32_t id,
                                       uint32_t code,
                                       void* user_data) {
  Http2Session* session = static_cast<Http2Session*>(user_data);
  Environment* env = session->env();
  Isolate* isolate = env->isolate();
  HandleScope scope(isolate);
  Local<Context> context = env->context();
  Context::Scope context_scope(context);
  DEBUG_HTTP2SESSION2(session, "stream %d closed with code: %d", id, code);
  Http2Stream* stream = session->FindStream(id);
  // Intentionally ignore the callback if the stream does not exist or has
  // already been destroyed
  if (stream != nullptr && !stream->IsDestroyed()) {
    stream->Close(code);
    // It is possible for the stream close to occur before the stream is
    // ever passed on to the javascript side. If that happens, skip straight
    // to destroying the stream. We can check this by looking for the
    // onstreamclose function. If it exists, then the stream has already
    // been passed on to javascript.
    Local<Value> fn =
        stream->object()->Get(context, env->onstreamclose_string())
            .ToLocalChecked();
    if (fn->IsFunction()) {
      Local<Value> argv[] = {
        Integer::NewFromUnsigned(isolate, code)
      };
      stream->MakeCallback(fn.As<Function>(), arraysize(argv), argv);
    } else {
      stream->Destroy();
    }
  }
  return 0;
}

// Called by nghttp2 when an invalid header has been received. For now, we
// ignore these. If this callback was not provided, nghttp2 would handle
// invalid headers strictly and would shut down the stream. We are intentionally
// being more lenient here although we may want to revisit this choice later.
inline int Http2Session::OnInvalidHeader(nghttp2_session* session,
                                         const nghttp2_frame* frame,
                                         nghttp2_rcbuf* name,
                                         nghttp2_rcbuf* value,
                                         uint8_t flags,
                                         void* user_data) {
  // Ignore invalid header fields by default.
  return 0;
}

// When nghttp2 receives a DATA frame, it will deliver the data payload to
// us in discrete chunks. We push these into a linked list stored in the
// Http2Sttream which is flushed out to JavaScript as quickly as possible.
// This can be a particularly hot path.
inline int Http2Session::OnDataChunkReceived(nghttp2_session* handle,
                                             uint8_t flags,
                                             int32_t id,
                                             const uint8_t* data,
                                             size_t len,
                                             void* user_data) {
  Http2Session* session = static_cast<Http2Session*>(user_data);
  DEBUG_HTTP2SESSION2(session, "buffering data chunk for stream %d, size: "
              "%d, flags: %d", id, len, flags);
  Environment* env = session->env();
  HandleScope scope(env->isolate());
  // We should never actually get a 0-length chunk so this check is
  // only a precaution at this point.
  if (len > 0) {
    // Notify nghttp2 that we've consumed a chunk of data on the connection
    // so that it can send a WINDOW_UPDATE frame. This is a critical part of
    // the flow control process in http2
    CHECK_EQ(nghttp2_session_consume_connection(handle, len), 0);
    Http2Stream* stream = session->FindStream(id);
    // If the stream has been destroyed, ignore this chunk
    if (stream->IsDestroyed())
      return 0;

    stream->statistics_.received_bytes += len;

    // There is a single large array buffer for the entire data read from the
    // network; create a slice of that array buffer and emit it as the
    // received data buffer.
    CHECK(!session->stream_buf_ab_.IsEmpty());
    size_t offset = reinterpret_cast<const char*>(data) - session->stream_buf_;
    // Verify that the data offset is inside the current read buffer.
    CHECK_LE(offset, session->stream_buf_size_);

    Local<Object> buf =
        Buffer::New(env, session->stream_buf_ab_, offset, len).ToLocalChecked();

    stream->EmitData(len, buf, Local<Object>());
    if (!stream->IsReading())
      stream->inbound_consumed_data_while_paused_ += len;
    else
      nghttp2_session_consume_stream(handle, id, len);
  }
  return 0;
}

// Called by nghttp2 when it needs to determine how much padding to use in
// a DATA or HEADERS frame.
inline ssize_t Http2Session::OnSelectPadding(nghttp2_session* handle,
                                             const nghttp2_frame* frame,
                                             size_t maxPayloadLen,
                                             void* user_data) {
  Http2Session* session = static_cast<Http2Session*>(user_data);
  ssize_t padding = frame->hd.length;

  switch (session->padding_strategy_) {
    case PADDING_STRATEGY_NONE:
      // Fall-through
      break;
    case PADDING_STRATEGY_MAX:
      padding = session->OnMaxFrameSizePadding(padding, maxPayloadLen);
      break;
    case PADDING_STRATEGY_ALIGNED:
      padding = session->OnDWordAlignedPadding(padding, maxPayloadLen);
      break;
    case PADDING_STRATEGY_CALLBACK:
      padding = session->OnCallbackPadding(padding, maxPayloadLen);
      break;
  }
  return padding;
}

#define BAD_PEER_MESSAGE "Remote peer returned unexpected data while we "     \
                         "expected SETTINGS frame.  Perhaps, peer does not "  \
                         "support HTTP/2 properly."

// We use this currently to determine when an attempt is made to use the http2
// protocol with a non-http2 peer.
inline int Http2Session::OnNghttpError(nghttp2_session* handle,
                                       const char* message,
                                       size_t len,
                                       void* user_data) {
  // Unfortunately, this is currently the only way for us to know if
  // the session errored because the peer is not an http2 peer.
  Http2Session* session = static_cast<Http2Session*>(user_data);
    DEBUG_HTTP2SESSION2(session, "Error '%.*s'", len, message);
  if (strncmp(message, BAD_PEER_MESSAGE, len) == 0) {
    Environment* env = session->env();
    Isolate* isolate = env->isolate();
    HandleScope scope(isolate);
    Local<Context> context = env->context();
    Context::Scope context_scope(context);

    Local<Value> argv[1] = {
      Integer::New(isolate, NGHTTP2_ERR_PROTO),
    };
    session->MakeCallback(env->error_string(), arraysize(argv), argv);
  }
  return 0;
}

// Once all of the DATA frames for a Stream have been sent, the GetTrailers
// method calls out to JavaScript to fetch the trailing headers that need
// to be sent.
inline void Http2Session::GetTrailers(Http2Stream* stream, uint32_t* flags) {
  if (!stream->IsDestroyed() && stream->HasTrailers()) {
    Http2Stream::SubmitTrailers submit_trailers{this, stream, flags};
    stream->OnTrailers(submit_trailers);
  }
}


Http2Stream::SubmitTrailers::SubmitTrailers(
    Http2Session* session,
    Http2Stream* stream,
    uint32_t* flags)
  : session_(session), stream_(stream), flags_(flags) { }


inline void Http2Stream::SubmitTrailers::Submit(nghttp2_nv* trailers,
                                                size_t length) const {
  Http2Scope h2scope(session_);
  if (length == 0)
    return;
  DEBUG_HTTP2SESSION2(session_, "sending trailers for stream %d, count: %d",
                      stream_->id(), length);
  *flags_ |= NGHTTP2_DATA_FLAG_NO_END_STREAM;
  CHECK_EQ(
      nghttp2_submit_trailer(**session_, stream_->id(), trailers, length), 0);
}


// Called by OnFrameReceived to notify JavaScript land that a complete
// HEADERS frame has been received and processed. This method converts the
// received headers into a JavaScript array and pushes those out to JS.
inline void Http2Session::HandleHeadersFrame(const nghttp2_frame* frame) {
  Isolate* isolate = env()->isolate();
  HandleScope scope(isolate);
  Local<Context> context = env()->context();
  Context::Scope context_scope(context);

  int32_t id = GetFrameID(frame);
  DEBUG_HTTP2SESSION2(this, "handle headers frame for stream %d", id);
  Http2Stream* stream = FindStream(id);

  // If the stream has already been destroyed, ignore.
  if (stream->IsDestroyed())
    return;

  nghttp2_header* headers = stream->headers();
  size_t count = stream->headers_count();

  Local<String> name_str;
  Local<String> value_str;

  Local<Array> holder = Array::New(isolate);
  Local<Function> fn = env()->push_values_to_array_function();
  Local<Value> argv[NODE_PUSH_VAL_TO_ARRAY_MAX * 2];

  // The headers are passed in above as a queue of nghttp2_header structs.
  // The following converts that into a JS array with the structure:
  // [name1, value1, name2, value2, name3, value3, name3, value4] and so on.
  // That array is passed up to the JS layer and converted into an Object form
  // like {name1: value1, name2: value2, name3: [value3, value4]}. We do it
  // this way for performance reasons (it's faster to generate and pass an
  // array than it is to generate and pass the object).
  size_t n = 0;
  while (count > 0) {
    size_t j = 0;
    while (count > 0 && j < arraysize(argv) / 2) {
      nghttp2_header item = headers[n++];
      // The header name and value are passed as external one-byte strings
      name_str =
          ExternalHeader::New<true>(env(), item.name).ToLocalChecked();
      value_str =
          ExternalHeader::New<false>(env(), item.value).ToLocalChecked();
      argv[j * 2] = name_str;
      argv[j * 2 + 1] = value_str;
      count--;
      j++;
    }
    // For performance, we pass name and value pairs to array.protototype.push
    // in batches of size NODE_PUSH_VAL_TO_ARRAY_MAX * 2 until there are no
    // more items to push.
    if (j > 0) {
      fn->Call(env()->context(), holder, j * 2, argv).ToLocalChecked();
    }
  }

  Local<Value> args[5] = {
    stream->object(),
    Integer::New(isolate, id),
    Integer::New(isolate, stream->headers_category()),
    Integer::New(isolate, frame->hd.flags),
    holder
  };
  MakeCallback(env()->onheaders_string(), arraysize(args), args);
}


// Called by OnFrameReceived when a complete PRIORITY frame has been
// received. Notifies JS land about the priority change. Note that priorities
// are considered advisory only, so this has no real effect other than to
// simply let user code know that the priority has changed.
inline void Http2Session::HandlePriorityFrame(const nghttp2_frame* frame) {
  Isolate* isolate = env()->isolate();
  HandleScope scope(isolate);
  Local<Context> context = env()->context();
  Context::Scope context_scope(context);

  nghttp2_priority priority_frame = frame->priority;
  int32_t id = GetFrameID(frame);
  DEBUG_HTTP2SESSION2(this, "handle priority frame for stream %d", id);
  // Priority frame stream ID should never be <= 0. nghttp2 handles this for us
  nghttp2_priority_spec spec = priority_frame.pri_spec;

  Local<Value> argv[4] = {
    Integer::New(isolate, id),
    Integer::New(isolate, spec.stream_id),
    Integer::New(isolate, spec.weight),
    Boolean::New(isolate, spec.exclusive)
  };
  MakeCallback(env()->onpriority_string(), arraysize(argv), argv);
}


// Called by OnFrameReceived when a complete DATA frame has been received.
// If we know that this was the last DATA frame (because the END_STREAM flag
// is set), then we'll terminate the readable side of the StreamBase.
inline void Http2Session::HandleDataFrame(const nghttp2_frame* frame) {
  int32_t id = GetFrameID(frame);
  DEBUG_HTTP2SESSION2(this, "handling data frame for stream %d", id);
  Http2Stream* stream = FindStream(id);

  // If the stream has already been destroyed, do nothing
  if (stream->IsDestroyed())
    return;

  if (frame->hd.flags & NGHTTP2_FLAG_END_STREAM) {
    stream->EmitData(UV_EOF, Local<Object>(), Local<Object>());
  }
}


// Called by OnFrameReceived when a complete GOAWAY frame has been received.
inline void Http2Session::HandleGoawayFrame(const nghttp2_frame* frame) {
  Isolate* isolate = env()->isolate();
  HandleScope scope(isolate);
  Local<Context> context = env()->context();
  Context::Scope context_scope(context);

  nghttp2_goaway goaway_frame = frame->goaway;
  DEBUG_HTTP2SESSION(this, "handling goaway frame");

  Local<Value> argv[3] = {
    Integer::NewFromUnsigned(isolate, goaway_frame.error_code),
    Integer::New(isolate, goaway_frame.last_stream_id),
    Undefined(isolate)
  };

  size_t length = goaway_frame.opaque_data_len;
  if (length > 0) {
    argv[2] = Buffer::Copy(isolate,
                           reinterpret_cast<char*>(goaway_frame.opaque_data),
                           length).ToLocalChecked();
  }

  MakeCallback(env()->ongoawaydata_string(), arraysize(argv), argv);
}

// Called by OnFrameReceived when a complete ALTSVC frame has been received.
inline void Http2Session::HandleAltSvcFrame(const nghttp2_frame* frame) {
  Isolate* isolate = env()->isolate();
  HandleScope scope(isolate);
  Local<Context> context = env()->context();
  Context::Scope context_scope(context);

  int32_t id = GetFrameID(frame);

  nghttp2_extension ext = frame->ext;
  nghttp2_ext_altsvc* altsvc = static_cast<nghttp2_ext_altsvc*>(ext.payload);
  DEBUG_HTTP2SESSION(this, "handling altsvc frame");

  Local<Value> argv[3] = {
    Integer::New(isolate, id),
    String::NewFromOneByte(isolate,
                           altsvc->origin,
                           v8::NewStringType::kNormal,
                           altsvc->origin_len).ToLocalChecked(),
    String::NewFromOneByte(isolate,
                           altsvc->field_value,
                           v8::NewStringType::kNormal,
                           altsvc->field_value_len).ToLocalChecked(),
  };

  MakeCallback(env()->onaltsvc_string(), arraysize(argv), argv);
}

// Called by OnFrameReceived when a complete PING frame has been received.
inline void Http2Session::HandlePingFrame(const nghttp2_frame* frame) {
  bool ack = frame->hd.flags & NGHTTP2_FLAG_ACK;
  if (ack) {
    Http2Ping* ping = PopPing();
    if (ping != nullptr) {
      ping->Done(true, frame->ping.opaque_data);
    } else {
      // PING Ack is unsolicited. Treat as a connection error. The HTTP/2
      // spec does not require this, but there is no legitimate reason to
      // receive an unsolicited PING ack on a connection. Either the peer
      // is buggy or malicious, and we're not going to tolerate such
      // nonsense.
      Isolate* isolate = env()->isolate();
      HandleScope scope(isolate);
      Local<Context> context = env()->context();
      Context::Scope context_scope(context);

      Local<Value> argv[1] = {
        Integer::New(isolate, NGHTTP2_ERR_PROTO),
      };
      MakeCallback(env()->error_string(), arraysize(argv), argv);
    }
  }
}

// Called by OnFrameReceived when a complete SETTINGS frame has been received.
inline void Http2Session::HandleSettingsFrame(const nghttp2_frame* frame) {
  bool ack = frame->hd.flags & NGHTTP2_FLAG_ACK;
  if (ack) {
    // If this is an acknowledgement, we should have an Http2Settings
    // object for it.
    Http2Settings* settings = PopSettings();
    if (settings != nullptr) {
      settings->Done(true);
    } else {
      // SETTINGS Ack is unsolicited. Treat as a connection error. The HTTP/2
      // spec does not require this, but there is no legitimate reason to
      // receive an unsolicited SETTINGS ack on a connection. Either the peer
      // is buggy or malicious, and we're not going to tolerate such
      // nonsense.
      // Note that nghttp2 currently prevents this from happening for SETTINGS
      // frames, so this block is purely defensive just in case that behavior
      // changes. Specifically, unlike unsolicited PING acks, unsolicited
      // SETTINGS acks should *never* make it this far.
      Isolate* isolate = env()->isolate();
      HandleScope scope(isolate);
      Local<Context> context = env()->context();
      Context::Scope context_scope(context);

      Local<Value> argv[1] = {
        Integer::New(isolate, NGHTTP2_ERR_PROTO),
      };
      MakeCallback(env()->error_string(), arraysize(argv), argv);
    }
  } else {
    // Otherwise, notify the session about a new settings
    MakeCallback(env()->onsettings_string(), 0, nullptr);
  }
}

// Callback used when data has been written to the stream.
void Http2Session::OnStreamAfterWriteImpl(WriteWrap* w, int status, void* ctx) {
  Http2Session* session = static_cast<Http2Session*>(ctx);
  DEBUG_HTTP2SESSION2(session, "write finished with status %d", status);

  // Inform all pending writes about their completion.
  session->ClearOutgoing(status);

  if (!(session->flags_ & SESSION_STATE_WRITE_SCHEDULED)) {
    // Schedule a new write if nghttp2 wants to send data.
    session->MaybeScheduleWrite();
  }
}

// If the underlying nghttp2_session struct has data pending in its outbound
// queue, MaybeScheduleWrite will schedule a SendPendingData() call to occcur
// on the next iteration of the Node.js event loop (using the SetImmediate
// queue), but only if a write has not already been scheduled.
void Http2Session::MaybeScheduleWrite() {
  CHECK_EQ(flags_ & SESSION_STATE_WRITE_SCHEDULED, 0);
  if (session_ != nullptr && nghttp2_session_want_write(session_)) {
    DEBUG_HTTP2SESSION(this, "scheduling write");
    flags_ |= SESSION_STATE_WRITE_SCHEDULED;
    env()->SetImmediate([](Environment* env, void* data) {
      Http2Session* session = static_cast<Http2Session*>(data);
      if (session->session_ == nullptr ||
          !(session->flags_ & SESSION_STATE_WRITE_SCHEDULED)) {
        // This can happen e.g. when a stream was reset before this turn
        // of the event loop, in which case SendPendingData() is called early,
        // or the session was destroyed in the meantime.
        return;
      }

      // Sending data may call arbitrary JS code, so keep track of
      // async context.
      InternalCallbackScope callback_scope(session);
      session->SendPendingData();
    }, static_cast<void*>(this), object());
  }
}

// Unset the sending state, finish up all current writes, and reset
// storage for data and metadata that was associated with these writes.
void Http2Session::ClearOutgoing(int status) {
  CHECK_NE(flags_ & SESSION_STATE_SENDING, 0);
  flags_ &= ~SESSION_STATE_SENDING;

  for (const nghttp2_stream_write& wr : outgoing_buffers_) {
    WriteWrap* wrap = wr.req_wrap;
    if (wrap != nullptr)
      wrap->Done(status);
  }

  outgoing_buffers_.clear();
  outgoing_storage_.clear();
}

// Queue a given block of data for sending. This always creates a copy,
// so it is used for the cases in which nghttp2 requests sending of a
// small chunk of data.
void Http2Session::CopyDataIntoOutgoing(const uint8_t* src, size_t src_length) {
  size_t offset = outgoing_storage_.size();
  outgoing_storage_.resize(offset + src_length);
  memcpy(&outgoing_storage_[offset], src, src_length);

  // Store with a base of `nullptr` initially, since future resizes
  // of the outgoing_buffers_ vector may invalidate the pointer.
  // The correct base pointers will be set later, before writing to the
  // underlying socket.
  outgoing_buffers_.emplace_back(nghttp2_stream_write {
    uv_buf_init(nullptr, src_length)
  });
}

// Prompts nghttp2 to begin serializing it's pending data and pushes each
// chunk out to the i/o socket to be sent. This is a particularly hot method
// that will generally be called at least twice be event loop iteration.
// This is a potential performance optimization target later.
void Http2Session::SendPendingData() {
  DEBUG_HTTP2SESSION(this, "sending pending data");
  // Do not attempt to send data on the socket if the destroying flag has
  // been set. That means everything is shutting down and the socket
  // will not be usable.
  if (IsDestroyed())
    return;
  flags_ &= ~SESSION_STATE_WRITE_SCHEDULED;

  // SendPendingData should not be called recursively.
  if (flags_ & SESSION_STATE_SENDING)
    return;
  // This is cleared by ClearOutgoing().
  flags_ |= SESSION_STATE_SENDING;

  ssize_t src_length;
  const uint8_t* src;

  CHECK_EQ(outgoing_buffers_.size(), 0);
  CHECK_EQ(outgoing_storage_.size(), 0);

  // Part One: Gather data from nghttp2

  while ((src_length = nghttp2_session_mem_send(session_, &src)) > 0) {
    DEBUG_HTTP2SESSION2(this, "nghttp2 has %d bytes to send", src_length);
    CopyDataIntoOutgoing(src, src_length);
  }

  CHECK_NE(src_length, NGHTTP2_ERR_NOMEM);

  if (stream_ == nullptr) {
    // It would seem nice to bail out earlier, but `nghttp2_session_mem_send()`
    // does take care of things like closing the individual streams after
    // a socket has been torn down, so we still need to call it.
    ClearOutgoing(UV_ECANCELED);
    return;
  }

  // Part Two: Pass Data to the underlying stream

  size_t count = outgoing_buffers_.size();
  if (count == 0) {
    flags_ &= ~SESSION_STATE_SENDING;
    return;
  }
  MaybeStackBuffer<uv_buf_t, 32> bufs;
  bufs.AllocateSufficientStorage(count);

  // Set the buffer base pointers for copied data that ended up in the
  // sessions's own storage since it might have shifted around during gathering.
  // (Those are marked by having .base == nullptr.)
  size_t offset = 0;
  size_t i = 0;
  for (const nghttp2_stream_write& write : outgoing_buffers_) {
    statistics_.data_sent += write.buf.len;
    if (write.buf.base == nullptr) {
      bufs[i++] = uv_buf_init(
          reinterpret_cast<char*>(outgoing_storage_.data() + offset),
          write.buf.len);
      offset += write.buf.len;
    } else {
      bufs[i++] = write.buf;
    }
  }

  chunks_sent_since_last_write_++;

  // DoTryWrite may modify both the buffer list start itself and the
  // base pointers/length of the individual buffers.
  uv_buf_t* writebufs = *bufs;
  if (stream_->DoTryWrite(&writebufs, &count) != 0 || count == 0) {
    // All writes finished synchronously, nothing more to do here.
    ClearOutgoing(0);
    return;
  }

  WriteWrap* req = AllocateSend();
  if (stream_->DoWrite(req, writebufs, count, nullptr) != 0) {
    req->Dispose();
  }

  DEBUG_HTTP2SESSION2(this, "wants data in return? %d",
                      nghttp2_session_want_read(session_));
}


// This callback is called from nghttp2 when it wants to send DATA frames for a
// given Http2Stream, when we set the `NGHTTP2_DATA_FLAG_NO_COPY` flag earlier
// in the Http2Stream::Provider::Stream::OnRead callback.
// We take the write information directly out of the stream's data queue.
int Http2Session::OnSendData(
      nghttp2_session* session_,
      nghttp2_frame* frame,
      const uint8_t* framehd,
      size_t length,
      nghttp2_data_source* source,
      void* user_data) {
  Http2Session* session = static_cast<Http2Session*>(user_data);
  Http2Stream* stream = GetStream(session, frame->hd.stream_id, source);

  // Send the frame header + a byte that indicates padding length.
  session->CopyDataIntoOutgoing(framehd, 9);
  if (frame->data.padlen > 0) {
    uint8_t padding_byte = frame->data.padlen - 1;
    CHECK_EQ(padding_byte, frame->data.padlen - 1);
    session->CopyDataIntoOutgoing(&padding_byte, 1);
  }

  DEBUG_HTTP2SESSION2(session, "nghttp2 has %d bytes to send directly", length);
  while (length > 0) {
    // nghttp2 thinks that there is data available (length > 0), which means
    // we told it so, which means that we *should* have data available.
    CHECK(!stream->queue_.empty());

    nghttp2_stream_write& write = stream->queue_.front();
    if (write.buf.len <= length) {
      // This write does not suffice by itself, so we can consume it completely.
      length -= write.buf.len;
      session->outgoing_buffers_.emplace_back(std::move(write));
      stream->queue_.pop();
      continue;
    }

    // Slice off `length` bytes of the first write in the queue.
    session->outgoing_buffers_.emplace_back(nghttp2_stream_write {
      uv_buf_init(write.buf.base, length)
    });
    write.buf.base += length;
    write.buf.len -= length;
    break;
  }

  if (frame->data.padlen > 0) {
    // Send padding if that was requested.
    session->outgoing_buffers_.emplace_back(nghttp2_stream_write {
      uv_buf_init(const_cast<char*>(zero_bytes_256), frame->data.padlen - 1)
    });
  }

  return 0;
}

// Creates a new Http2Stream and submits a new http2 request.
inline Http2Stream* Http2Session::SubmitRequest(
    nghttp2_priority_spec* prispec,
    nghttp2_nv* nva,
    size_t len,
    int32_t* ret,
    int options) {
  DEBUG_HTTP2SESSION(this, "submitting request");
  Http2Scope h2scope(this);
  Http2Stream* stream = nullptr;
  Http2Stream::Provider::Stream prov(options);
  *ret = nghttp2_submit_request(session_, prispec, nva, len, *prov, nullptr);
  CHECK_NE(*ret, NGHTTP2_ERR_NOMEM);
  if (*ret > 0)
    stream = new Http2Stream(this, *ret, NGHTTP2_HCAT_HEADERS, options);
  return stream;
}

inline void Http2Session::SetChunksSinceLastWrite(size_t n) {
  chunks_sent_since_last_write_ = n;
}

// Allocates the data buffer used to pass outbound data to the i/o stream.
WriteWrap* Http2Session::AllocateSend() {
  HandleScope scope(env()->isolate());
  Local<Object> obj =
      env()->write_wrap_constructor_function()
          ->NewInstance(env()->context()).ToLocalChecked();
  return WriteWrap::New(env(), obj, stream_);
}

// Allocates the data buffer used to receive inbound data from the i/o stream
void Http2Session::OnStreamAllocImpl(size_t suggested_size,
                                     uv_buf_t* buf,
                                     void* ctx) {
  Http2Session* session = static_cast<Http2Session*>(ctx);
  CHECK_EQ(session->stream_buf_, nullptr);
  CHECK_EQ(session->stream_buf_size_, 0);
  buf->base = session->stream_buf_ = Malloc(suggested_size);
  buf->len = session->stream_buf_size_ = suggested_size;
  session->IncrementCurrentSessionMemory(suggested_size);
}

// Callback used to receive inbound data from the i/o stream
void Http2Session::OnStreamReadImpl(ssize_t nread,
                                    const uv_buf_t* buf,
                                    uv_handle_type pending,
                                    void* ctx) {
  Http2Session* session = static_cast<Http2Session*>(ctx);
  Http2Scope h2scope(session);
  CHECK_NE(session->stream_, nullptr);
  DEBUG_HTTP2SESSION2(session, "receiving %d bytes", nread);
  if (nread <= 0) {
    free(session->stream_buf_);
    if (nread < 0) {
      uv_buf_t tmp_buf = uv_buf_init(nullptr, 0);
      session->prev_read_cb_.fn(nread,
                                &tmp_buf,
                                pending,
                                session->prev_read_cb_.ctx);
    }
  } else {
    // Only pass data on if nread > 0

    // Verify that currently: There is memory allocated into which
    // the data has been read, and that memory buffer is at least as large
    // as the amount of data we have read, but we have not yet made an
    // ArrayBuffer out of it.
    CHECK_NE(session->stream_buf_, nullptr);
    CHECK_EQ(session->stream_buf_, buf->base);
    CHECK_EQ(session->stream_buf_size_, buf->len);
    CHECK_GE(session->stream_buf_size_, static_cast<size_t>(nread));
    CHECK(session->stream_buf_ab_.IsEmpty());

    Environment* env = session->env();
    Isolate* isolate = env->isolate();
    HandleScope scope(isolate);
    Local<Context> context = env->context();
    Context::Scope context_scope(context);

    // Create an array buffer for the read data. DATA frames will be emitted
    // as slices of this array buffer to avoid having to copy memory.
    session->stream_buf_ab_ =
        ArrayBuffer::New(isolate,
                         session->stream_buf_,
                         session->stream_buf_size_,
                         v8::ArrayBufferCreationMode::kInternalized);

    uv_buf_t buf_ = uv_buf_init(buf->base, nread);
    session->statistics_.data_received += nread;
    ssize_t ret = session->Write(&buf_, 1);

    // Note: if ssize_t is not defined (e.g. on Win32), nghttp2 will typedef
    // ssize_t to int. Cast here so that the < 0 check actually works on
    // Windows.
    if (static_cast<int>(ret) < 0) {
      DEBUG_HTTP2SESSION2(session, "fatal error receiving data: %d", ret);

      Local<Value> argv[1] = {
        Integer::New(isolate, ret),
      };
      session->MakeCallback(env->error_string(), arraysize(argv), argv);
    } else {
      DEBUG_HTTP2SESSION2(session, "processed %d bytes. wants more? %d", ret,
                          nghttp2_session_want_read(**session));
    }
  }

  // Since we are finished handling this write, reset the stream buffer.
  // The memory has either been free()d or was handed over to V8.
  session->DecrementCurrentSessionMemory(session->stream_buf_size_);
  session->stream_buf_ = nullptr;
  session->stream_buf_size_ = 0;
  session->stream_buf_ab_ = Local<ArrayBuffer>();
}

void Http2Session::OnStreamDestructImpl(void* ctx) {
  Http2Session* session = static_cast<Http2Session*>(ctx);
  session->stream_ = nullptr;
}

// Every Http2Session session is tightly bound to a single i/o StreamBase
// (typically a net.Socket or tls.TLSSocket). The lifecycle of the two is
// tightly coupled with all data transfer between the two happening at the
// C++ layer via the StreamBase API.
void Http2Session::Consume(Local<External> external) {
  StreamBase* stream = static_cast<StreamBase*>(external->Value());
  stream->Consume();
  stream_ = stream;
  prev_alloc_cb_ = stream->alloc_cb();
  prev_read_cb_ = stream->read_cb();
  stream->set_alloc_cb({ Http2Session::OnStreamAllocImpl, this });
  stream->set_read_cb({ Http2Session::OnStreamReadImpl, this });
  stream->set_after_write_cb({ Http2Session::OnStreamAfterWriteImpl, this });
  stream->set_destruct_cb({ Http2Session::OnStreamDestructImpl, this });
  DEBUG_HTTP2SESSION(this, "i/o stream consumed");
}


Http2Stream::Http2Stream(
    Http2Session* session,
    int32_t id,
    nghttp2_headers_category category,
    int options) : AsyncWrap(session->env(),
                             session->env()->http2stream_constructor_template()
                                 ->NewInstance(session->env()->context())
                                     .ToLocalChecked(),
                             AsyncWrap::PROVIDER_HTTP2STREAM),
                   StreamBase(session->env()),
                   session_(session),
                   id_(id),
                   current_headers_category_(category) {
  MakeWeak<Http2Stream>(this);
  statistics_.start_time = uv_hrtime();

  // Limit the number of header pairs
  max_header_pairs_ = session->GetMaxHeaderPairs();
  if (max_header_pairs_ == 0)
  max_header_pairs_ = DEFAULT_MAX_HEADER_LIST_PAIRS;
  current_headers_.reserve(max_header_pairs_);

  // Limit the number of header octets
  max_header_length_ =
      std::min(
        nghttp2_session_get_local_settings(
          session->session(),
          NGHTTP2_SETTINGS_MAX_HEADER_LIST_SIZE),
      MAX_MAX_HEADER_LIST_SIZE);

  if (options & STREAM_OPTION_GET_TRAILERS)
    flags_ |= NGHTTP2_STREAM_FLAG_TRAILERS;

  if (options & STREAM_OPTION_EMPTY_PAYLOAD)
    Shutdown();
  session->AddStream(this);
}


Http2Stream::~Http2Stream() {
  if (session_ != nullptr) {
    session_->RemoveStream(this);
    session_ = nullptr;
  }

  if (!object().IsEmpty())
    ClearWrap(object());
  persistent().Reset();
  CHECK(persistent().IsEmpty());
}

// Notify the Http2Stream that a new block of HEADERS is being processed.
void Http2Stream::StartHeaders(nghttp2_headers_category category) {
  DEBUG_HTTP2STREAM2(this, "starting headers, category: %d", id_, category);
  CHECK(!this->IsDestroyed());
  current_headers_length_ = 0;
  current_headers_.clear();
  current_headers_category_ = category;
}


nghttp2_stream* Http2Stream::operator*() {
  return nghttp2_session_find_stream(**session_, id_);
}


// Calls out to JavaScript land to fetch the actual trailer headers to send
// for this stream.
void Http2Stream::OnTrailers(const SubmitTrailers& submit_trailers) {
  DEBUG_HTTP2STREAM(this, "prompting for trailers");
  CHECK(!this->IsDestroyed());
  Isolate* isolate = env()->isolate();
  HandleScope scope(isolate);
  Local<Context> context = env()->context();
  Context::Scope context_scope(context);

  Local<Value> ret =
      MakeCallback(env()->ontrailers_string(), 0, nullptr).ToLocalChecked();
  if (!ret.IsEmpty() && !IsDestroyed()) {
    if (ret->IsArray()) {
      Local<Array> headers = ret.As<Array>();
      if (headers->Length() > 0) {
        Headers trailers(isolate, context, headers);
        submit_trailers.Submit(*trailers, trailers.length());
      }
    }
  }
}

inline void Http2Stream::Close(int32_t code) {
  CHECK(!this->IsDestroyed());
  flags_ |= NGHTTP2_STREAM_FLAG_CLOSED;
  code_ = code;
  DEBUG_HTTP2STREAM2(this, "closed with code %d", code);
}


inline void Http2Stream::Shutdown() {
  CHECK(!this->IsDestroyed());
  Http2Scope h2scope(this);
  flags_ |= NGHTTP2_STREAM_FLAG_SHUT;
  CHECK_NE(nghttp2_session_resume_data(session_->session(), id_),
           NGHTTP2_ERR_NOMEM);
  DEBUG_HTTP2STREAM(this, "writable side shutdown");
}

int Http2Stream::DoShutdown(ShutdownWrap* req_wrap) {
  CHECK(!this->IsDestroyed());
  req_wrap->Dispatched();
  Shutdown();
  req_wrap->Done(0);
  return 0;
}

// Destroy the Http2Stream and render it unusable. Actual resources for the
// Stream will not be freed until the next tick of the Node.js event loop
// using the SetImmediate queue.
inline void Http2Stream::Destroy() {
  // Do nothing if this stream instance is already destroyed
  if (IsDestroyed())
    return;
  flags_ |= NGHTTP2_STREAM_FLAG_DESTROYED;

  DEBUG_HTTP2STREAM(this, "destroying stream");

  // Wait until the start of the next loop to delete because there
  // may still be some pending operations queued for this stream.
  env()->SetImmediate([](Environment* env, void* data) {
    Http2Stream* stream = static_cast<Http2Stream*>(data);
    // Free any remaining outgoing data chunks here. This should be done
    // here because it's possible for destroy to have been called while
    // we still have qeueued outbound writes.
    while (!stream->queue_.empty()) {
      nghttp2_stream_write& head = stream->queue_.front();
      if (head.req_wrap != nullptr)
        head.req_wrap->Done(UV_ECANCELED);
      stream->queue_.pop();
    }

    delete stream;
  }, this, this->object());

  statistics_.end_time = uv_hrtime();
  session_->statistics_.stream_average_duration =
      ((statistics_.end_time - statistics_.start_time) /
          session_->statistics_.stream_count) / 1e6;
  EmitStatistics();
}


// Initiates a response on the Http2Stream using data provided via the
// StreamBase Streams API.
inline int Http2Stream::SubmitResponse(nghttp2_nv* nva,
                                       size_t len,
                                       int options) {
  CHECK(!this->IsDestroyed());
  Http2Scope h2scope(this);
  DEBUG_HTTP2STREAM(this, "submitting response");
  if (options & STREAM_OPTION_GET_TRAILERS)
    flags_ |= NGHTTP2_STREAM_FLAG_TRAILERS;

  if (!IsWritable())
    options |= STREAM_OPTION_EMPTY_PAYLOAD;

  Http2Stream::Provider::Stream prov(this, options);
  int ret = nghttp2_submit_response(session_->session(), id_, nva, len, *prov);
  CHECK_NE(ret, NGHTTP2_ERR_NOMEM);
  return ret;
}


// Initiate a response that contains data read from a file descriptor.
inline int Http2Stream::SubmitFile(int fd,
                                   nghttp2_nv* nva, size_t len,
                                   int64_t offset,
                                   int64_t length,
                                   int options) {
  CHECK(!this->IsDestroyed());
  Http2Scope h2scope(this);
  DEBUG_HTTP2STREAM(this, "submitting file");
  if (options & STREAM_OPTION_GET_TRAILERS)
    flags_ |= NGHTTP2_STREAM_FLAG_TRAILERS;

  if (offset > 0) fd_offset_ = offset;
  if (length > -1) fd_length_ = length;

  Http2Stream::Provider::FD prov(this, options, fd);
  int ret = nghttp2_submit_response(session_->session(), id_, nva, len, *prov);
  CHECK_NE(ret, NGHTTP2_ERR_NOMEM);
  return ret;
}


// Submit informational headers for a stream.
inline int Http2Stream::SubmitInfo(nghttp2_nv* nva, size_t len) {
  CHECK(!this->IsDestroyed());
  Http2Scope h2scope(this);
  DEBUG_HTTP2STREAM2(this, "sending %d informational headers", len);
  int ret = nghttp2_submit_headers(session_->session(),
                                   NGHTTP2_FLAG_NONE,
                                   id_, nullptr,
                                   nva, len, nullptr);
  CHECK_NE(ret, NGHTTP2_ERR_NOMEM);
  return ret;
}

// Submit a PRIORITY frame to the connected peer.
inline int Http2Stream::SubmitPriority(nghttp2_priority_spec* prispec,
                                       bool silent) {
  CHECK(!this->IsDestroyed());
  Http2Scope h2scope(this);
  DEBUG_HTTP2STREAM(this, "sending priority spec");
  int ret = silent ?
      nghttp2_session_change_stream_priority(session_->session(),
                                             id_, prispec) :
      nghttp2_submit_priority(session_->session(),
                              NGHTTP2_FLAG_NONE,
                              id_, prispec);
  CHECK_NE(ret, NGHTTP2_ERR_NOMEM);
  return ret;
}

// Closes the Http2Stream by submitting an RST_STREAM frame to the connected
// peer.
inline void Http2Stream::SubmitRstStream(const uint32_t code) {
  CHECK(!this->IsDestroyed());
  Http2Scope h2scope(this);
  // Force a purge of any currently pending data here to make sure
  // it is sent before closing the stream.
  session_->SendPendingData();
  CHECK_EQ(nghttp2_submit_rst_stream(**session_, NGHTTP2_FLAG_NONE,
                                     id_, code), 0);
}


// Submit a push promise and create the associated Http2Stream if successful.
inline Http2Stream* Http2Stream::SubmitPushPromise(nghttp2_nv* nva,
                                                   size_t len,
                                                   int32_t* ret,
                                                   int options) {
  CHECK(!this->IsDestroyed());
  Http2Scope h2scope(this);
  DEBUG_HTTP2STREAM(this, "sending push promise");
  *ret = nghttp2_submit_push_promise(**session_, NGHTTP2_FLAG_NONE,
                                     id_, nva, len, nullptr);
  CHECK_NE(*ret, NGHTTP2_ERR_NOMEM);
  Http2Stream* stream = nullptr;
  if (*ret > 0)
    stream = new Http2Stream(session_, *ret, NGHTTP2_HCAT_HEADERS, options);

  return stream;
}

// Switch the StreamBase into flowing mode to begin pushing chunks of data
// out to JS land.
inline int Http2Stream::ReadStart() {
  Http2Scope h2scope(this);
  CHECK(!this->IsDestroyed());
  flags_ |= NGHTTP2_STREAM_FLAG_READ_START;
  flags_ &= ~NGHTTP2_STREAM_FLAG_READ_PAUSED;

  DEBUG_HTTP2STREAM(this, "reading starting");

  // Tell nghttp2 about our consumption of the data that was handed
  // off to JS land.
  nghttp2_session_consume_stream(session_->session(),
                                 id_,
                                 inbound_consumed_data_while_paused_);
  inbound_consumed_data_while_paused_ = 0;

  return 0;
}

// Switch the StreamBase into paused mode.
inline int Http2Stream::ReadStop() {
  CHECK(!this->IsDestroyed());
  if (!IsReading())
    return 0;
  flags_ |= NGHTTP2_STREAM_FLAG_READ_PAUSED;
  DEBUG_HTTP2STREAM(this, "reading stopped");
  return 0;
}

// The Http2Stream class is a subclass of StreamBase. The DoWrite method
// receives outbound chunks of data to send as outbound DATA frames. These
// are queued in an internal linked list of uv_buf_t structs that are sent
// when nghttp2 is ready to serialize the data frame.
//
// Queue the given set of uv_but_t handles for writing to an
// nghttp2_stream. The WriteWrap's Done callback will be invoked once the
// chunks of data have been flushed to the underlying nghttp2_session.
// Note that this does *not* mean that the data has been flushed
// to the socket yet.
inline int Http2Stream::DoWrite(WriteWrap* req_wrap,
                                uv_buf_t* bufs,
                                size_t nbufs,
                                uv_stream_t* send_handle) {
  CHECK(!this->IsDestroyed());
  CHECK_EQ(send_handle, nullptr);
  Http2Scope h2scope(this);
  session_->SetChunksSinceLastWrite();
  req_wrap->Dispatched();
  if (!IsWritable()) {
    req_wrap->Done(UV_EOF);
    return 0;
  }
  DEBUG_HTTP2STREAM2(this, "queuing %d buffers to send", id_, nbufs);
  for (size_t i = 0; i < nbufs; ++i) {
    // Store the req_wrap on the last write info in the queue, so that it is
    // only marked as finished once all buffers associated with it are finished.
    queue_.emplace(nghttp2_stream_write {
      i == nbufs - 1 ? req_wrap : nullptr,
      bufs[i]
    });
    IncrementAvailableOutboundLength(bufs[i].len);
  }
  CHECK_NE(nghttp2_session_resume_data(**session_, id_), NGHTTP2_ERR_NOMEM);
  return 0;
}

inline size_t GetBufferLength(nghttp2_rcbuf* buf) {
  return nghttp2_rcbuf_get_buf(buf).len;
}

// Ads a header to the Http2Stream. Note that the header name and value are
// provided using a buffer structure provided by nghttp2 that allows us to
// avoid unnecessary memcpy's. Those buffers are ref counted. The ref count
// is incremented here and are decremented when the header name and values
// are garbage collected later.
inline bool Http2Stream::AddHeader(nghttp2_rcbuf* name,
                                   nghttp2_rcbuf* value,
                                   uint8_t flags) {
  CHECK(!this->IsDestroyed());
  if (this->statistics_.first_header == 0)
    this->statistics_.first_header = uv_hrtime();
  size_t length = GetBufferLength(name) + GetBufferLength(value) + 32;
  // A header can only be added if we have not exceeded the maximum number
  // of headers and the session has memory available for it.
  if (!session_->IsAvailableSessionMemory(length) ||
      current_headers_.size() == max_header_pairs_ ||
      current_headers_length_ + length > max_header_length_) {
    return false;
  }
  nghttp2_header header;
  header.name = name;
  header.value = value;
  header.flags = flags;
  current_headers_.push_back(header);
  nghttp2_rcbuf_incref(name);
  nghttp2_rcbuf_incref(value);
  current_headers_length_ += length;
  return true;
}

// A Provider is the thing that provides outbound DATA frame data.
Http2Stream::Provider::Provider(Http2Stream* stream, int options) {
  CHECK(!stream->IsDestroyed());
  provider_.source.ptr = stream;
  empty_ = options & STREAM_OPTION_EMPTY_PAYLOAD;
}

Http2Stream::Provider::Provider(int options) {
  provider_.source.ptr = nullptr;
  empty_ = options & STREAM_OPTION_EMPTY_PAYLOAD;
}

Http2Stream::Provider::~Provider() {
  provider_.source.ptr = nullptr;
}

// The FD Provider pulls data from a file descriptor using libuv. All of the
// data transfer occurs in C++, without any chunks being passed through JS
// land.
Http2Stream::Provider::FD::FD(Http2Stream* stream, int options, int fd)
    : Http2Stream::Provider(stream, options) {
  CHECK(!stream->IsDestroyed());
  provider_.source.fd = fd;
  provider_.read_callback = Http2Stream::Provider::FD::OnRead;
}

Http2Stream::Provider::FD::FD(int options, int fd)
    : Http2Stream::Provider(options) {
  provider_.source.fd = fd;
  provider_.read_callback = Http2Stream::Provider::FD::OnRead;
}

ssize_t Http2Stream::Provider::FD::OnRead(nghttp2_session* handle,
                                          int32_t id,
                                          uint8_t* buf,
                                          size_t length,
                                          uint32_t* flags,
                                          nghttp2_data_source* source,
                                          void* user_data) {
  Http2Session* session = static_cast<Http2Session*>(user_data);
  Http2Stream* stream = session->FindStream(id);
  if (stream->statistics_.first_byte_sent == 0)
    stream->statistics_.first_byte_sent = uv_hrtime();

  DEBUG_HTTP2SESSION2(session, "reading outbound file data for stream %d", id);
  CHECK_EQ(id, stream->id());

  int fd = source->fd;
  int64_t offset = stream->fd_offset_;
  ssize_t numchars = 0;

  if (stream->fd_length_ >= 0 &&
      stream->fd_length_ < static_cast<int64_t>(length))
    length = stream->fd_length_;

  uv_buf_t data;
  data.base = reinterpret_cast<char*>(buf);
  data.len = length;

  uv_fs_t read_req;

  if (length > 0) {
    // TODO(addaleax): Never use synchronous I/O on the main thread.
    numchars = uv_fs_read(session->event_loop(),
                          &read_req,
                          fd, &data, 1,
                          offset, nullptr);
    uv_fs_req_cleanup(&read_req);
  }

  // Close the stream with an error if reading fails
  if (numchars < 0)
    return NGHTTP2_ERR_TEMPORAL_CALLBACK_FAILURE;

  // Update the read offset for the next read
  stream->fd_offset_ += numchars;
  stream->fd_length_ -= numchars;

  DEBUG_HTTP2SESSION2(session, "sending %d bytes", numchars);

  // if numchars < length, assume that we are done.
  if (static_cast<size_t>(numchars) < length || length <= 0) {
    DEBUG_HTTP2SESSION2(session, "no more data for stream %d", id);
    *flags |= NGHTTP2_DATA_FLAG_EOF;
    session->GetTrailers(stream, flags);
    // If the stream or session gets destroyed during the GetTrailers
    // callback, check that here and close down the stream
    if (stream->IsDestroyed())
      return NGHTTP2_ERR_TEMPORAL_CALLBACK_FAILURE;
    if (session->IsDestroyed())
      return NGHTTP2_ERR_CALLBACK_FAILURE;
  }

  stream->statistics_.sent_bytes += numchars;
  return numchars;
}

// The Stream Provider pulls data from a linked list of uv_buf_t structs
// built via the StreamBase API and the Streams js API.
Http2Stream::Provider::Stream::Stream(int options)
    : Http2Stream::Provider(options) {
  provider_.read_callback = Http2Stream::Provider::Stream::OnRead;
}

Http2Stream::Provider::Stream::Stream(Http2Stream* stream, int options)
    : Http2Stream::Provider(stream, options) {
  provider_.read_callback = Http2Stream::Provider::Stream::OnRead;
}

ssize_t Http2Stream::Provider::Stream::OnRead(nghttp2_session* handle,
                                              int32_t id,
                                              uint8_t* buf,
                                              size_t length,
                                              uint32_t* flags,
                                              nghttp2_data_source* source,
                                              void* user_data) {
  Http2Session* session = static_cast<Http2Session*>(user_data);
  DEBUG_HTTP2SESSION2(session, "reading outbound data for stream %d", id);
  Http2Stream* stream = GetStream(session, id, source);
  if (stream->statistics_.first_byte_sent == 0)
    stream->statistics_.first_byte_sent = uv_hrtime();
  CHECK_EQ(id, stream->id());

  size_t amount = 0;          // amount of data being sent in this data frame.

  if (!stream->queue_.empty()) {
    DEBUG_HTTP2SESSION2(session, "stream %d has pending outbound data", id);
    amount = std::min(stream->available_outbound_length_, length);
    DEBUG_HTTP2SESSION2(session, "sending %d bytes for data frame on stream %d",
                        amount, id);
    if (amount > 0) {
      // Just return the length, let Http2Session::OnSendData take care of
      // actually taking the buffers out of the queue.
      *flags |= NGHTTP2_DATA_FLAG_NO_COPY;
      stream->DecrementAvailableOutboundLength(amount);
    }
  }

  if (amount == 0 && stream->IsWritable() && stream->queue_.empty()) {
    DEBUG_HTTP2SESSION2(session, "deferring stream %d", id);
    return NGHTTP2_ERR_DEFERRED;
  }

  if (stream->queue_.empty() && !stream->IsWritable()) {
    DEBUG_HTTP2SESSION2(session, "no more data for stream %d", id);
    *flags |= NGHTTP2_DATA_FLAG_EOF;
    session->GetTrailers(stream, flags);
    // If the stream or session gets destroyed during the GetTrailers
    // callback, check that here and close down the stream
    if (stream->IsDestroyed())
      return NGHTTP2_ERR_TEMPORAL_CALLBACK_FAILURE;
    if (session->IsDestroyed())
      return NGHTTP2_ERR_CALLBACK_FAILURE;
  }

  stream->statistics_.sent_bytes += amount;
  return amount;
}

inline void Http2Stream::IncrementAvailableOutboundLength(size_t amount) {
  available_outbound_length_ += amount;
  session_->IncrementCurrentSessionMemory(amount);
}

inline void Http2Stream::DecrementAvailableOutboundLength(size_t amount) {
  available_outbound_length_ -= amount;
  session_->DecrementCurrentSessionMemory(amount);
}


// Implementation of the JavaScript API

// Fetches the string description of a nghttp2 error code and passes that
// back to JS land
void HttpErrorString(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args);
  uint32_t val = args[0]->Uint32Value(env->context()).ToChecked();
  args.GetReturnValue().Set(
      String::NewFromOneByte(
          env->isolate(),
          reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(nghttp2_strerror(val)),
          v8::NewStringType::kInternalized).ToLocalChecked());
}


// Serializes the settings object into a Buffer instance that
// would be suitable, for instance, for creating the Base64
// output for an HTTP2-Settings header field.
void PackSettings(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args);
  Http2Session::Http2Settings settings(env);
  args.GetReturnValue().Set(settings.Pack());
}

// A TypedArray instance is shared between C++ and JS land to contain the
// default SETTINGS. RefreshDefaultSettings updates that TypedArray with the
// default values.
void RefreshDefaultSettings(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args);
  Http2Session::Http2Settings::RefreshDefaults(env);
}

// Sets the next stream ID the Http2Session. If successful, returns true.
void Http2Session::SetNextStreamID(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args);
  Http2Session* session;
  ASSIGN_OR_RETURN_UNWRAP(&session, args.Holder());
  int32_t id = args[0]->Int32Value(env->context()).ToChecked();
  if (nghttp2_session_set_next_stream_id(**session, id) < 0) {
    DEBUG_HTTP2SESSION2(session, "failed to set next stream id to %d", id);
    return args.GetReturnValue().Set(false);
  }
  args.GetReturnValue().Set(true);
  DEBUG_HTTP2SESSION2(session, "set next stream id to %d", id);
}

// A TypedArray instance is shared between C++ and JS land to contain the
// SETTINGS (either remote or local). RefreshSettings updates the current
// values established for each of the settings so those can be read in JS land.
template <get_setting fn>
void Http2Session::RefreshSettings(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args);
  Http2Session* session;
  ASSIGN_OR_RETURN_UNWRAP(&session, args.Holder());
  Http2Settings::Update(env, session, fn);
  DEBUG_HTTP2SESSION(session, "settings refreshed for session");
}

// A TypedArray instance is shared between C++ and JS land to contain state
// information of the current Http2Session. This updates the values in the
// TypedRray so those can be read in JS land.
void Http2Session::RefreshState(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args);
  Http2Session* session;
  ASSIGN_OR_RETURN_UNWRAP(&session, args.Holder());
  DEBUG_HTTP2SESSION(session, "refreshing state");

  AliasedBuffer<double, v8::Float64Array>& buffer =
      env->http2_state()->session_state_buffer;

  nghttp2_session* s = **session;

  buffer[IDX_SESSION_STATE_EFFECTIVE_LOCAL_WINDOW_SIZE] =
      nghttp2_session_get_effective_local_window_size(s);
  buffer[IDX_SESSION_STATE_EFFECTIVE_RECV_DATA_LENGTH] =
      nghttp2_session_get_effective_recv_data_length(s);
  buffer[IDX_SESSION_STATE_NEXT_STREAM_ID] =
      nghttp2_session_get_next_stream_id(s);
  buffer[IDX_SESSION_STATE_LOCAL_WINDOW_SIZE] =
      nghttp2_session_get_local_window_size(s);
  buffer[IDX_SESSION_STATE_LAST_PROC_STREAM_ID] =
      nghttp2_session_get_last_proc_stream_id(s);
  buffer[IDX_SESSION_STATE_REMOTE_WINDOW_SIZE] =
      nghttp2_session_get_remote_window_size(s);
  buffer[IDX_SESSION_STATE_OUTBOUND_QUEUE_SIZE] =
      nghttp2_session_get_outbound_queue_size(s);
  buffer[IDX_SESSION_STATE_HD_DEFLATE_DYNAMIC_TABLE_SIZE] =
      nghttp2_session_get_hd_deflate_dynamic_table_size(s);
  buffer[IDX_SESSION_STATE_HD_INFLATE_DYNAMIC_TABLE_SIZE] =
      nghttp2_session_get_hd_inflate_dynamic_table_size(s);
}


// Constructor for new Http2Session instances.
void Http2Session::New(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args);
  CHECK(args.IsConstructCall());
  int val = args[0]->IntegerValue(env->context()).ToChecked();
  nghttp2_session_type type = static_cast<nghttp2_session_type>(val);
  Http2Session* session = new Http2Session(env, args.This(), type);
  session->get_async_id();  // avoid compiler warning
  DEBUG_HTTP2SESSION(session, "session created");
}


// Binds the Http2Session with a StreamBase used for i/o
void Http2Session::Consume(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  Http2Session* session;
  ASSIGN_OR_RETURN_UNWRAP(&session, args.Holder());
  CHECK(args[0]->IsExternal());
  session->Consume(args[0].As<External>());
}

// Destroys the Http2Session instance and renders it unusable
void Http2Session::Destroy(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  Http2Session* session;
  ASSIGN_OR_RETURN_UNWRAP(&session, args.Holder());
  DEBUG_HTTP2SESSION(session, "destroying session");
  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args);
  Local<Context> context = env->context();

  uint32_t code = args[0]->Uint32Value(context).ToChecked();
  bool socketDestroyed = args[1]->BooleanValue(context).ToChecked();

  session->Close(code, socketDestroyed);
}

// Submits a new request on the Http2Session and returns either an error code
// or the Http2Stream object.
void Http2Session::Request(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  Http2Session* session;
  ASSIGN_OR_RETURN_UNWRAP(&session, args.Holder());
  Environment* env = session->env();
  Local<Context> context = env->context();
  Isolate* isolate = env->isolate();

  Local<Array> headers = args[0].As<Array>();
  int options = args[1]->IntegerValue(context).ToChecked();
  Http2Priority priority(env, args[2], args[3], args[4]);

  Headers list(isolate, context, headers);

  DEBUG_HTTP2SESSION(session, "request submitted");

  int32_t ret = 0;
  Http2Stream* stream =
      session->Http2Session::SubmitRequest(*priority, *list, list.length(),
                                           &ret, options);

  if (ret <= 0) {
    DEBUG_HTTP2SESSION2(session, "could not submit request: %s",
                        nghttp2_strerror(ret));
    return args.GetReturnValue().Set(ret);
  }

  DEBUG_HTTP2SESSION2(session, "request submitted, new stream id %d",
                      stream->id());
  args.GetReturnValue().Set(stream->object());
}

// Submits a GOAWAY frame to signal that the Http2Session is in the process
// of shutting down. Note that this function does not actually alter the
// state of the Http2Session, it's simply a notification.
void Http2Session::Goaway(uint32_t code,
                          int32_t lastStreamID,
                          uint8_t* data,
                          size_t len) {
  if (IsDestroyed())
    return;

  Http2Scope h2scope(this);
  // the last proc stream id is the most recently created Http2Stream.
  if (lastStreamID <= 0)
    lastStreamID = nghttp2_session_get_last_proc_stream_id(session_);
  DEBUG_HTTP2SESSION(this, "submitting goaway");
  nghttp2_submit_goaway(session_, NGHTTP2_FLAG_NONE,
                        lastStreamID, code, data, len);
}

// Submits a GOAWAY frame to signal that the Http2Session is in the process
// of shutting down. The opaque data argument is an optional TypedArray that
// can be used to send debugging data to the connected peer.
void Http2Session::Goaway(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args);
  Local<Context> context = env->context();
  Http2Session* session;
  ASSIGN_OR_RETURN_UNWRAP(&session, args.Holder());

  uint32_t code = args[0]->Uint32Value(context).ToChecked();
  int32_t lastStreamID = args[1]->Int32Value(context).ToChecked();
  Local<Value> opaqueData = args[2];
  uint8_t* data = nullptr;
  size_t length = 0;

  if (Buffer::HasInstance(opaqueData)) {
    data = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(Buffer::Data(opaqueData));
    length = Buffer::Length(opaqueData);
  }

  session->Goaway(code, lastStreamID, data, length);
}

// Update accounting of data chunks. This is used primarily to manage timeout
// logic when using the FD Provider.
void Http2Session::UpdateChunksSent(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args);
  Isolate* isolate = env->isolate();
  HandleScope scope(isolate);
  Http2Session* session;
  ASSIGN_OR_RETURN_UNWRAP(&session, args.Holder());

  uint32_t length = session->chunks_sent_since_last_write_;

  session->object()->Set(env->context(),
                         env->chunks_sent_since_last_write_string(),
                         Integer::NewFromUnsigned(isolate, length)).FromJust();

  args.GetReturnValue().Set(length);
}

// Submits an RST_STREAM frame effectively closing the Http2Stream. Note that
// this *WILL* alter the state of the stream, causing the OnStreamClose
// callback to the triggered.
void Http2Stream::RstStream(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args);
  Local<Context> context = env->context();
  Http2Stream* stream;
  ASSIGN_OR_RETURN_UNWRAP(&stream, args.Holder());
  uint32_t code = args[0]->Uint32Value(context).ToChecked();
  DEBUG_HTTP2STREAM2(stream, "sending rst_stream with code %d", code);
  stream->SubmitRstStream(code);
}

// Initiates a response on the Http2Stream using the StreamBase API to provide
// outbound DATA frames.
void Http2Stream::Respond(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args);
  Local<Context> context = env->context();
  Isolate* isolate = env->isolate();
  Http2Stream* stream;
  ASSIGN_OR_RETURN_UNWRAP(&stream, args.Holder());

  Local<Array> headers = args[0].As<Array>();
  int options = args[1]->IntegerValue(context).ToChecked();

  Headers list(isolate, context, headers);

  args.GetReturnValue().Set(
      stream->SubmitResponse(*list, list.length(), options));
  DEBUG_HTTP2STREAM(stream, "response submitted");
}

// Initiates a response on the Http2Stream using a file descriptor to provide
// outbound DATA frames.
void Http2Stream::RespondFD(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args);
  Local<Context> context = env->context();
  Isolate* isolate = env->isolate();
  Http2Stream* stream;
  ASSIGN_OR_RETURN_UNWRAP(&stream, args.Holder());

  int fd = args[0]->Int32Value(context).ToChecked();
  Local<Array> headers = args[1].As<Array>();

  int64_t offset = args[2]->IntegerValue(context).ToChecked();
  int64_t length = args[3]->IntegerValue(context).ToChecked();
  int options = args[4]->IntegerValue(context).ToChecked();

  stream->session()->SetChunksSinceLastWrite();

  Headers list(isolate, context, headers);
  args.GetReturnValue().Set(stream->SubmitFile(fd, *list, list.length(),
                                               offset, length, options));
  DEBUG_HTTP2STREAM2(stream, "file response submitted for fd %d", fd);
}

// Submits informational headers on the Http2Stream
void Http2Stream::Info(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args);
  Local<Context> context = env->context();
  Isolate* isolate = env->isolate();
  Http2Stream* stream;
  ASSIGN_OR_RETURN_UNWRAP(&stream, args.Holder());

  Local<Array> headers = args[0].As<Array>();

  Headers list(isolate, context, headers);
  args.GetReturnValue().Set(stream->SubmitInfo(*list, list.length()));
  DEBUG_HTTP2STREAM2(stream, "%d informational headers sent",
                     headers->Length());
}

// Grab the numeric id of the Http2Stream
void Http2Stream::GetID(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  Http2Stream* stream;
  ASSIGN_OR_RETURN_UNWRAP(&stream, args.Holder());
  args.GetReturnValue().Set(stream->id());
}

// Destroy the Http2Stream, rendering it no longer usable
void Http2Stream::Destroy(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  Http2Stream* stream;
  ASSIGN_OR_RETURN_UNWRAP(&stream, args.Holder());
  DEBUG_HTTP2STREAM(stream, "destroying stream");
  stream->Destroy();
}

// Prompt the Http2Stream to begin sending data to the JS land.
void Http2Stream::FlushData(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  Http2Stream* stream;
  ASSIGN_OR_RETURN_UNWRAP(&stream, args.Holder());
  stream->ReadStart();
  DEBUG_HTTP2STREAM(stream, "data flushed to js");
}

// Initiate a Push Promise and create the associated Http2Stream
void Http2Stream::PushPromise(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args);
  Local<Context> context = env->context();
  Isolate* isolate = env->isolate();
  Http2Stream* parent;
  ASSIGN_OR_RETURN_UNWRAP(&parent, args.Holder());

  Local<Array> headers = args[0].As<Array>();
  int options = args[1]->IntegerValue(context).ToChecked();

  Headers list(isolate, context, headers);

  DEBUG_HTTP2STREAM(parent, "creating push promise");

  int32_t ret = 0;
  Http2Stream* stream = parent->SubmitPushPromise(*list, list.length(),
                                                  &ret, options);
  if (ret <= 0) {
    DEBUG_HTTP2STREAM2(parent, "failed to create push stream: %d", ret);
    return args.GetReturnValue().Set(ret);
  }
  DEBUG_HTTP2STREAM2(parent, "push stream %d created", stream->id());
  args.GetReturnValue().Set(stream->object());
}

// Send a PRIORITY frame
void Http2Stream::Priority(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args);
  Local<Context> context = env->context();
  Http2Stream* stream;
  ASSIGN_OR_RETURN_UNWRAP(&stream, args.Holder());

  Http2Priority priority(env, args[0], args[1], args[2]);
  bool silent = args[3]->BooleanValue(context).ToChecked();

  CHECK_EQ(stream->SubmitPriority(*priority, silent), 0);
  DEBUG_HTTP2STREAM(stream, "priority submitted");
}

// A TypedArray shared by C++ and JS land is used to communicate state
// information about the Http2Stream. This updates the values in that
// TypedArray so that the state can be read by JS.
void Http2Stream::RefreshState(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args);
  Http2Stream* stream;
  ASSIGN_OR_RETURN_UNWRAP(&stream, args.Holder());

  DEBUG_HTTP2STREAM(stream, "refreshing state");

  AliasedBuffer<double, v8::Float64Array>& buffer =
      env->http2_state()->stream_state_buffer;

  nghttp2_stream* str = **stream;
  nghttp2_session* s = **(stream->session());

  if (str == nullptr) {
    buffer[IDX_STREAM_STATE] = NGHTTP2_STREAM_STATE_IDLE;
    buffer[IDX_STREAM_STATE_WEIGHT] =
        buffer[IDX_STREAM_STATE_SUM_DEPENDENCY_WEIGHT] =
        buffer[IDX_STREAM_STATE_LOCAL_CLOSE] =
        buffer[IDX_STREAM_STATE_REMOTE_CLOSE] =
        buffer[IDX_STREAM_STATE_LOCAL_WINDOW_SIZE] = 0;
  } else {
    buffer[IDX_STREAM_STATE] =
        nghttp2_stream_get_state(str);
    buffer[IDX_STREAM_STATE_WEIGHT] =
        nghttp2_stream_get_weight(str);
    buffer[IDX_STREAM_STATE_SUM_DEPENDENCY_WEIGHT] =
        nghttp2_stream_get_sum_dependency_weight(str);
    buffer[IDX_STREAM_STATE_LOCAL_CLOSE] =
        nghttp2_session_get_stream_local_close(s, stream->id());
    buffer[IDX_STREAM_STATE_REMOTE_CLOSE] =
        nghttp2_session_get_stream_remote_close(s, stream->id());
    buffer[IDX_STREAM_STATE_LOCAL_WINDOW_SIZE] =
        nghttp2_session_get_stream_local_window_size(s, stream->id());
  }
}

void Http2Session::AltSvc(int32_t id,
                          uint8_t* origin,
                          size_t origin_len,
                          uint8_t* value,
                          size_t value_len) {
  Http2Scope h2scope(this);
  CHECK_EQ(nghttp2_submit_altsvc(session_, NGHTTP2_FLAG_NONE, id,
                                 origin, origin_len, value, value_len), 0);
}

// Submits an AltSvc frame to the sent to the connected peer.
void Http2Session::AltSvc(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args);
  Http2Session* session;
  ASSIGN_OR_RETURN_UNWRAP(&session, args.Holder());

  int32_t id = args[0]->Int32Value(env->context()).ToChecked();

  // origin and value are both required to be ASCII, handle them as such.
  Local<String> origin_str = args[1]->ToString(env->context()).ToLocalChecked();
  Local<String> value_str = args[2]->ToString(env->context()).ToLocalChecked();

  size_t origin_len = origin_str->Length();
  size_t value_len = value_str->Length();

  CHECK_LE(origin_len + value_len, 16382);  // Max permitted for ALTSVC
  // Verify that origin len != 0 if stream id == 0, or
  // that origin len == 0 if stream id != 0
  CHECK((origin_len != 0 && id == 0) || (origin_len == 0 && id != 0));

  MaybeStackBuffer<uint8_t> origin(origin_len);
  MaybeStackBuffer<uint8_t> value(value_len);
  origin_str->WriteOneByte(*origin);
  value_str->WriteOneByte(*value);

  session->AltSvc(id, *origin, origin_len, *value, value_len);
}

// Submits a PING frame to be sent to the connected peer.
void Http2Session::Ping(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args);
  Http2Session* session;
  ASSIGN_OR_RETURN_UNWRAP(&session, args.Holder());

  // A PING frame may have exactly 8 bytes of payload data. If not provided,
  // then the current hrtime will be used as the payload.
  uint8_t* payload = nullptr;
  if (Buffer::HasInstance(args[0])) {
    payload = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(Buffer::Data(args[0]));
    CHECK_EQ(Buffer::Length(args[0]), 8);
  }

  Http2Session::Http2Ping* ping = new Http2Ping(session);
  Local<Object> obj = ping->object();
  obj->Set(env->context(), env->ondone_string(), args[1]).FromJust();

  // To prevent abuse, we strictly limit the number of unacknowledged PING
  // frames that may be sent at any given time. This is configurable in the
  // Options when creating a Http2Session.
  if (!session->AddPing(ping)) {
    ping->Done(false);
    return args.GetReturnValue().Set(false);
  }

  // The Ping itself is an Async resource. When the acknowledgement is received,
  // the callback will be invoked and a notification sent out to JS land. The
  // notification will include the duration of the ping, allowing the round
  // trip to be measured.
  ping->Send(payload);
  args.GetReturnValue().Set(true);
}

// Submits a SETTINGS frame for the Http2Session
void Http2Session::Settings(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args);
  Http2Session* session;
  ASSIGN_OR_RETURN_UNWRAP(&session, args.Holder());

  Http2Session::Http2Settings* settings = new Http2Settings(session);
  Local<Object> obj = settings->object();
  obj->Set(env->context(), env->ondone_string(), args[0]).FromJust();

  if (!session->AddSettings(settings)) {
    settings->Done(false);
    return args.GetReturnValue().Set(false);
  }

  settings->Send();
  args.GetReturnValue().Set(true);
}


Http2Session::Http2Ping* Http2Session::PopPing() {
  Http2Ping* ping = nullptr;
  if (!outstanding_pings_.empty()) {
    ping = outstanding_pings_.front();
    outstanding_pings_.pop();
    DecrementCurrentSessionMemory(ping->self_size());
  }
  return ping;
}

bool Http2Session::AddPing(Http2Session::Http2Ping* ping) {
  if (outstanding_pings_.size() == max_outstanding_pings_)
    return false;
  outstanding_pings_.push(ping);
  IncrementCurrentSessionMemory(ping->self_size());
  return true;
}

Http2Session::Http2Settings* Http2Session::PopSettings() {
  Http2Settings* settings = nullptr;
  if (!outstanding_settings_.empty()) {
    settings = outstanding_settings_.front();
    outstanding_settings_.pop();
    DecrementCurrentSessionMemory(settings->self_size());
  }
  return settings;
}

bool Http2Session::AddSettings(Http2Session::Http2Settings* settings) {
  if (outstanding_settings_.size() == max_outstanding_settings_)
    return false;
  outstanding_settings_.push(settings);
  IncrementCurrentSessionMemory(settings->self_size());
  return true;
}

Http2Session::Http2Ping::Http2Ping(
    Http2Session* session)
        : AsyncWrap(session->env(),
                    session->env()->http2ping_constructor_template()
                        ->NewInstance(session->env()->context())
                            .ToLocalChecked(),
                    AsyncWrap::PROVIDER_HTTP2PING),
          session_(session),
          startTime_(uv_hrtime()) { }

Http2Session::Http2Ping::~Http2Ping() {
  if (!object().IsEmpty())
    ClearWrap(object());
  persistent().Reset();
  CHECK(persistent().IsEmpty());
}

void Http2Session::Http2Ping::Send(uint8_t* payload) {
  uint8_t data[8];
  if (payload == nullptr) {
    memcpy(&data, &startTime_, arraysize(data));
    payload = data;
  }
  Http2Scope h2scope(session_);
  CHECK_EQ(nghttp2_submit_ping(**session_, NGHTTP2_FLAG_NONE, payload), 0);
}

void Http2Session::Http2Ping::Done(bool ack, const uint8_t* payload) {
  session_->statistics_.ping_rtt = (uv_hrtime() - startTime_);
  double duration = (session_->statistics_.ping_rtt - startTime_) / 1e6;

  Local<Value> buf = Undefined(env()->isolate());
  if (payload != nullptr) {
    buf = Buffer::Copy(env()->isolate(),
                       reinterpret_cast<const char*>(payload),
                       8).ToLocalChecked();
  }

  Local<Value> argv[3] = {
    Boolean::New(env()->isolate(), ack),
    Number::New(env()->isolate(), duration),
    buf
  };
  MakeCallback(env()->ondone_string(), arraysize(argv), argv);
  delete this;
}


// Set up the process.binding('http2') binding.
void Initialize(Local<Object> target,
                Local<Value> unused,
                Local<Context> context,
                void* priv) {
  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(context);
  Isolate* isolate = env->isolate();
  HandleScope scope(isolate);

  std::unique_ptr<http2_state> state(new http2_state(isolate));

#define SET_STATE_TYPEDARRAY(name, field)             \
  target->Set(context,                                \
              FIXED_ONE_BYTE_STRING(isolate, (name)), \
              (field)).FromJust()

  // Initialize the buffer used for padding callbacks
  SET_STATE_TYPEDARRAY(
    "paddingBuffer", state->padding_buffer.GetJSArray());
  // Initialize the buffer used to store the session state
  SET_STATE_TYPEDARRAY(
    "sessionState", state->session_state_buffer.GetJSArray());
  // Initialize the buffer used to store the stream state
  SET_STATE_TYPEDARRAY(
    "streamState", state->stream_state_buffer.GetJSArray());
  SET_STATE_TYPEDARRAY(
    "settingsBuffer", state->settings_buffer.GetJSArray());
  SET_STATE_TYPEDARRAY(
    "optionsBuffer", state->options_buffer.GetJSArray());
  SET_STATE_TYPEDARRAY(
    "streamStats", state->stream_stats_buffer.GetJSArray());
  SET_STATE_TYPEDARRAY(
    "sessionStats", state->session_stats_buffer.GetJSArray());
#undef SET_STATE_TYPEDARRAY

  env->set_http2_state(std::move(state));

  NODE_DEFINE_CONSTANT(target, PADDING_BUF_FRAME_LENGTH);
  NODE_DEFINE_CONSTANT(target, PADDING_BUF_MAX_PAYLOAD_LENGTH);
  NODE_DEFINE_CONSTANT(target, PADDING_BUF_RETURN_VALUE);

  // Method to fetch the nghttp2 string description of an nghttp2 error code
  env->SetMethod(target, "nghttp2ErrorString", HttpErrorString);

  Local<String> http2SessionClassName =
    FIXED_ONE_BYTE_STRING(isolate, "Http2Session");

  Local<FunctionTemplate> ping = FunctionTemplate::New(env->isolate());
  ping->SetClassName(FIXED_ONE_BYTE_STRING(env->isolate(), "Http2Ping"));
  AsyncWrap::AddWrapMethods(env, ping);
  Local<ObjectTemplate> pingt = ping->InstanceTemplate();
  pingt->SetInternalFieldCount(1);
  env->set_http2ping_constructor_template(pingt);

  Local<FunctionTemplate> setting = FunctionTemplate::New(env->isolate());
  setting->SetClassName(FIXED_ONE_BYTE_STRING(env->isolate(), "Http2Setting"));
  AsyncWrap::AddWrapMethods(env, setting);
  Local<ObjectTemplate> settingt = setting->InstanceTemplate();
  settingt->SetInternalFieldCount(1);
  env->set_http2settings_constructor_template(settingt);

  Local<FunctionTemplate> stream = FunctionTemplate::New(env->isolate());
  stream->SetClassName(FIXED_ONE_BYTE_STRING(env->isolate(), "Http2Stream"));
  env->SetProtoMethod(stream, "id", Http2Stream::GetID);
  env->SetProtoMethod(stream, "destroy", Http2Stream::Destroy);
  env->SetProtoMethod(stream, "flushData", Http2Stream::FlushData);
  env->SetProtoMethod(stream, "priority", Http2Stream::Priority);
  env->SetProtoMethod(stream, "pushPromise", Http2Stream::PushPromise);
  env->SetProtoMethod(stream, "info", Http2Stream::Info);
  env->SetProtoMethod(stream, "respondFD", Http2Stream::RespondFD);
  env->SetProtoMethod(stream, "respond", Http2Stream::Respond);
  env->SetProtoMethod(stream, "rstStream", Http2Stream::RstStream);
  env->SetProtoMethod(stream, "refreshState", Http2Stream::RefreshState);
  AsyncWrap::AddWrapMethods(env, stream);
  StreamBase::AddMethods<Http2Stream>(env, stream, StreamBase::kFlagHasWritev);
  Local<ObjectTemplate> streamt = stream->InstanceTemplate();
  streamt->SetInternalFieldCount(1);
  env->set_http2stream_constructor_template(streamt);
  target->Set(context,
              FIXED_ONE_BYTE_STRING(env->isolate(), "Http2Stream"),
              stream->GetFunction()).FromJust();

  Local<FunctionTemplate> session =
      env->NewFunctionTemplate(Http2Session::New);
  session->SetClassName(http2SessionClassName);
  session->InstanceTemplate()->SetInternalFieldCount(1);
  AsyncWrap::AddWrapMethods(env, session);
  env->SetProtoMethod(session, "altsvc", Http2Session::AltSvc);
  env->SetProtoMethod(session, "ping", Http2Session::Ping);
  env->SetProtoMethod(session, "consume", Http2Session::Consume);
  env->SetProtoMethod(session, "destroy", Http2Session::Destroy);
  env->SetProtoMethod(session, "goaway", Http2Session::Goaway);
  env->SetProtoMethod(session, "settings", Http2Session::Settings);
  env->SetProtoMethod(session, "request", Http2Session::Request);
  env->SetProtoMethod(session, "setNextStreamID",
                      Http2Session::SetNextStreamID);
  env->SetProtoMethod(session, "updateChunksSent",
                      Http2Session::UpdateChunksSent);
  env->SetProtoMethod(session, "refreshState", Http2Session::RefreshState);
  env->SetProtoMethod(
      session, "localSettings",
      Http2Session::RefreshSettings<nghttp2_session_get_local_settings>);
  env->SetProtoMethod(
      session, "remoteSettings",
      Http2Session::RefreshSettings<nghttp2_session_get_remote_settings>);
  target->Set(context,
              http2SessionClassName,
              session->GetFunction()).FromJust();

  Local<Object> constants = Object::New(isolate);
  NODE_DEFINE_CONSTANT(constants, NGHTTP2_SESSION_SERVER);
  NODE_DEFINE_CONSTANT(constants, NGHTTP2_SESSION_CLIENT);
  NODE_DEFINE_CONSTANT(constants, NGHTTP2_STREAM_STATE_IDLE);
  NODE_DEFINE_CONSTANT(constants, NGHTTP2_STREAM_STATE_OPEN);
  NODE_DEFINE_CONSTANT(constants, NGHTTP2_STREAM_STATE_RESERVED_LOCAL);
  NODE_DEFINE_CONSTANT(constants, NGHTTP2_STREAM_STATE_RESERVED_REMOTE);
  NODE_DEFINE_CONSTANT(constants, NGHTTP2_STREAM_STATE_HALF_CLOSED_LOCAL);
  NODE_DEFINE_CONSTANT(constants, NGHTTP2_STREAM_STATE_HALF_CLOSED_REMOTE);
  NODE_DEFINE_CONSTANT(constants, NGHTTP2_STREAM_STATE_CLOSED);
  NODE_DEFINE_CONSTANT(constants, NGHTTP2_NO_ERROR);
  NODE_DEFINE_CONSTANT(constants, NGHTTP2_PROTOCOL_ERROR);
  NODE_DEFINE_CONSTANT(constants, NGHTTP2_INTERNAL_ERROR);
  NODE_DEFINE_CONSTANT(constants, NGHTTP2_FLOW_CONTROL_ERROR);
  NODE_DEFINE_CONSTANT(constants, NGHTTP2_SETTINGS_TIMEOUT);
  NODE_DEFINE_CONSTANT(constants, NGHTTP2_STREAM_CLOSED);
  NODE_DEFINE_CONSTANT(constants, NGHTTP2_FRAME_SIZE_ERROR);
  NODE_DEFINE_CONSTANT(constants, NGHTTP2_REFUSED_STREAM);
  NODE_DEFINE_CONSTANT(constants, NGHTTP2_CANCEL);
  NODE_DEFINE_CONSTANT(constants, NGHTTP2_COMPRESSION_ERROR);
  NODE_DEFINE_CONSTANT(constants, NGHTTP2_CONNECT_ERROR);
  NODE_DEFINE_CONSTANT(constants, NGHTTP2_ENHANCE_YOUR_CALM);
  NODE_DEFINE_CONSTANT(constants, NGHTTP2_INADEQUATE_SECURITY);
  NODE_DEFINE_CONSTANT(constants, NGHTTP2_HTTP_1_1_REQUIRED);

  NODE_DEFINE_HIDDEN_CONSTANT(constants, NGHTTP2_HCAT_REQUEST);
  NODE_DEFINE_HIDDEN_CONSTANT(constants, NGHTTP2_HCAT_RESPONSE);
  NODE_DEFINE_HIDDEN_CONSTANT(constants, NGHTTP2_HCAT_PUSH_RESPONSE);
  NODE_DEFINE_HIDDEN_CONSTANT(constants, NGHTTP2_HCAT_HEADERS);
  NODE_DEFINE_HIDDEN_CONSTANT(constants, NGHTTP2_NV_FLAG_NONE);
  NODE_DEFINE_HIDDEN_CONSTANT(constants, NGHTTP2_NV_FLAG_NO_INDEX);
  NODE_DEFINE_HIDDEN_CONSTANT(constants, NGHTTP2_ERR_DEFERRED);
  NODE_DEFINE_HIDDEN_CONSTANT(constants, NGHTTP2_ERR_STREAM_ID_NOT_AVAILABLE);
  NODE_DEFINE_HIDDEN_CONSTANT(constants, NGHTTP2_ERR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
  NODE_DEFINE_HIDDEN_CONSTANT(constants, NGHTTP2_ERR_STREAM_CLOSED);
  NODE_DEFINE_CONSTANT(constants, NGHTTP2_ERR_FRAME_SIZE_ERROR);

  NODE_DEFINE_HIDDEN_CONSTANT(constants, STREAM_OPTION_EMPTY_PAYLOAD);
  NODE_DEFINE_HIDDEN_CONSTANT(constants, STREAM_OPTION_GET_TRAILERS);

  NODE_DEFINE_CONSTANT(constants, NGHTTP2_FLAG_NONE);
  NODE_DEFINE_CONSTANT(constants, NGHTTP2_FLAG_END_STREAM);
  NODE_DEFINE_CONSTANT(constants, NGHTTP2_FLAG_END_HEADERS);
  NODE_DEFINE_CONSTANT(constants, NGHTTP2_FLAG_ACK);
  NODE_DEFINE_CONSTANT(constants, NGHTTP2_FLAG_PADDED);
  NODE_DEFINE_CONSTANT(constants, NGHTTP2_FLAG_PRIORITY);

  NODE_DEFINE_CONSTANT(constants, DEFAULT_SETTINGS_HEADER_TABLE_SIZE);
  NODE_DEFINE_CONSTANT(constants, DEFAULT_SETTINGS_ENABLE_PUSH);
  NODE_DEFINE_CONSTANT(constants, DEFAULT_SETTINGS_INITIAL_WINDOW_SIZE);
  NODE_DEFINE_CONSTANT(constants, DEFAULT_SETTINGS_MAX_FRAME_SIZE);
  NODE_DEFINE_CONSTANT(constants, MAX_MAX_FRAME_SIZE);
  NODE_DEFINE_CONSTANT(constants, MIN_MAX_FRAME_SIZE);
  NODE_DEFINE_CONSTANT(constants, MAX_INITIAL_WINDOW_SIZE);
  NODE_DEFINE_CONSTANT(constants, NGHTTP2_DEFAULT_WEIGHT);

  NODE_DEFINE_CONSTANT(constants, NGHTTP2_SETTINGS_HEADER_TABLE_SIZE);
  NODE_DEFINE_CONSTANT(constants, NGHTTP2_SETTINGS_ENABLE_PUSH);
  NODE_DEFINE_CONSTANT(constants, NGHTTP2_SETTINGS_MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS);
  NODE_DEFINE_CONSTANT(constants, NGHTTP2_SETTINGS_INITIAL_WINDOW_SIZE);
  NODE_DEFINE_CONSTANT(constants, NGHTTP2_SETTINGS_MAX_FRAME_SIZE);
  NODE_DEFINE_CONSTANT(constants, NGHTTP2_SETTINGS_MAX_HEADER_LIST_SIZE);

  NODE_DEFINE_CONSTANT(constants, PADDING_STRATEGY_NONE);
  NODE_DEFINE_CONSTANT(constants, PADDING_STRATEGY_ALIGNED);
  NODE_DEFINE_CONSTANT(constants, PADDING_STRATEGY_MAX);
  NODE_DEFINE_CONSTANT(constants, PADDING_STRATEGY_CALLBACK);

#define STRING_CONSTANT(NAME, VALUE)                                          \
  NODE_DEFINE_STRING_CONSTANT(constants, "HTTP2_HEADER_" # NAME, VALUE);
HTTP_KNOWN_HEADERS(STRING_CONSTANT)
#undef STRING_CONSTANT

#define STRING_CONSTANT(NAME, VALUE)                                          \
  NODE_DEFINE_STRING_CONSTANT(constants, "HTTP2_METHOD_" # NAME, VALUE);
HTTP_KNOWN_METHODS(STRING_CONSTANT)
#undef STRING_CONSTANT

#define V(name, _) NODE_DEFINE_CONSTANT(constants, HTTP_STATUS_##name);
HTTP_STATUS_CODES(V)
#undef V

  env->SetMethod(target, "refreshDefaultSettings", RefreshDefaultSettings);
  env->SetMethod(target, "packSettings", PackSettings);

  target->Set(context,
              FIXED_ONE_BYTE_STRING(isolate, "constants"),
              constants).FromJust();
}
}  // namespace http2
}  // namespace node

NODE_BUILTIN_MODULE_CONTEXT_AWARE(http2, node::http2::Initialize)