data_race.rs

//! Implementation of a data-race detector using Lamport Timestamps / Vector-clocks
//! based on the Dynamic Race Detection for C++:
//! <https://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~afd/homepages/papers/pdfs/2017/POPL.pdf>
//! which does not report false-positives when fences are used, and gives better
//! accuracy in presence of read-modify-write operations.
//!
//! The implementation contains modifications to correctly model the changes to the memory model in C++20
//! regarding the weakening of release sequences: <http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2018/p0982r1.html>.
//! Relaxed stores now unconditionally block all currently active release sequences and so per-thread tracking of release
//! sequences is not needed.
//!
//! The implementation also models races with memory allocation and deallocation via treating allocation and
//! deallocation as a type of write internally for detecting data-races.
//!
//! Weak memory orders are explored but not all weak behaviours are exhibited, so it can still miss data-races
//! but should not report false-positives
//!
//! Data-race definition from(<https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/memory_model#Threads_and_data_races>):
//! a data race occurs between two memory accesses if they are on different threads, at least one operation
//! is non-atomic, at least one operation is a write and neither access happens-before the other. Read the link
//! for full definition.
//!
//! This re-uses vector indexes for threads that are known to be unable to report data-races, this is valid
//! because it only re-uses vector indexes once all currently-active (not-terminated) threads have an internal
//! vector clock that happens-after the join operation of the candidate thread. Threads that have not been joined
//! on are not considered. Since the thread's vector clock will only increase and a data-race implies that
//! there is some index x where `clock[x] > thread_clock`, when this is true `clock[candidate-idx] > thread_clock`
//! can never hold and hence a data-race can never be reported in that vector index again.
//! This means that the thread-index can be safely re-used, starting on the next timestamp for the newly created
//! thread.
//!
//! The timestamps used in the data-race detector assign each sequence of non-atomic operations
//! followed by a single atomic or concurrent operation a single timestamp.
//! Write, Read, Write, ThreadJoin will be represented by a single timestamp value on a thread.
//! This is because extra increment operations between the operations in the sequence are not
//! required for accurate reporting of data-race values.
//!
//! As per the paper a threads timestamp is only incremented after a release operation is performed
//! so some atomic operations that only perform acquires do not increment the timestamp. Due to shared
//! code some atomic operations may increment the timestamp when not necessary but this has no effect
//! on the data-race detection code.

use std::{
    cell::{Cell, Ref, RefCell, RefMut},
    fmt::Debug,
    mem,
};

use rustc_ast::Mutability;
use rustc_data_structures::fx::{FxHashMap, FxHashSet};
use rustc_index::vec::{Idx, IndexVec};
use rustc_middle::{mir, ty::layout::TyAndLayout};
use rustc_target::abi::{Align, Size};

use crate::*;

use super::{
    vector_clock::{VClock, VTimestamp, VectorIdx},
    weak_memory::EvalContextExt as _,
};

pub type AllocExtra = VClockAlloc;

/// Valid atomic read-write orderings, alias of atomic::Ordering (not non-exhaustive).
#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
pub enum AtomicRwOrd {
    Relaxed,
    Acquire,
    Release,
    AcqRel,
    SeqCst,
}

/// Valid atomic read orderings, subset of atomic::Ordering.
#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
pub enum AtomicReadOrd {
    Relaxed,
    Acquire,
    SeqCst,
}

/// Valid atomic write orderings, subset of atomic::Ordering.
#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
pub enum AtomicWriteOrd {
    Relaxed,
    Release,
    SeqCst,
}

/// Valid atomic fence orderings, subset of atomic::Ordering.
#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
pub enum AtomicFenceOrd {
    Acquire,
    Release,
    AcqRel,
    SeqCst,
}

/// The current set of vector clocks describing the state
/// of a thread, contains the happens-before clock and
/// additional metadata to model atomic fence operations.
#[derive(Clone, Default, Debug)]
pub(super) struct ThreadClockSet {
    /// The increasing clock representing timestamps
    /// that happen-before this thread.
    pub(super) clock: VClock,

    /// The set of timestamps that will happen-before this
    /// thread once it performs an acquire fence.
    fence_acquire: VClock,

    /// The last timestamp of happens-before relations that
    /// have been released by this thread by a fence.
    fence_release: VClock,

    /// Timestamps of the last SC fence performed by each
    /// thread, updated when this thread performs an SC fence
    pub(super) fence_seqcst: VClock,

    /// Timestamps of the last SC write performed by each
    /// thread, updated when this thread performs an SC fence
    pub(super) write_seqcst: VClock,

    /// Timestamps of the last SC fence performed by each
    /// thread, updated when this thread performs an SC read
    pub(super) read_seqcst: VClock,
}

impl ThreadClockSet {
    /// Apply the effects of a release fence to this
    /// set of thread vector clocks.
    #[inline]
    fn apply_release_fence(&mut self) {
        self.fence_release.clone_from(&self.clock);
    }

    /// Apply the effects of an acquire fence to this
    /// set of thread vector clocks.
    #[inline]
    fn apply_acquire_fence(&mut self) {
        self.clock.join(&self.fence_acquire);
    }

    /// Increment the happens-before clock at a
    /// known index.
    #[inline]
    fn increment_clock(&mut self, index: VectorIdx) {
        self.clock.increment_index(index);
    }

    /// Join the happens-before clock with that of
    /// another thread, used to model thread join
    /// operations.
    fn join_with(&mut self, other: &ThreadClockSet) {
        self.clock.join(&other.clock);
    }
}

/// Error returned by finding a data race
/// should be elaborated upon.
#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash, Debug)]
pub struct DataRace;

/// Externally stored memory cell clocks
/// explicitly to reduce memory usage for the
/// common case where no atomic operations
/// exists on the memory cell.
#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Default, Debug)]
struct AtomicMemoryCellClocks {
    /// The clock-vector of the timestamp of the last atomic
    /// read operation performed by each thread.
    /// This detects potential data-races between atomic read
    /// and non-atomic write operations.
    read_vector: VClock,

    /// The clock-vector of the timestamp of the last atomic
    /// write operation performed by each thread.
    /// This detects potential data-races between atomic write
    /// and non-atomic read or write operations.
    write_vector: VClock,

    /// Synchronization vector for acquire-release semantics
    /// contains the vector of timestamps that will
    /// happen-before a thread if an acquire-load is
    /// performed on the data.
    sync_vector: VClock,
}

/// Type of write operation: allocating memory
/// non-atomic writes and deallocating memory
/// are all treated as writes for the purpose
/// of the data-race detector.
#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
enum WriteType {
    /// Allocate memory.
    Allocate,

    /// Standard unsynchronized write.
    Write,

    /// Deallocate memory.
    /// Note that when memory is deallocated first, later non-atomic accesses
    /// will be reported as use-after-free, not as data races.
    /// (Same for `Allocate` above.)
    Deallocate,
}
impl WriteType {
    fn get_descriptor(self) -> &'static str {
        match self {
            WriteType::Allocate => "Allocate",
            WriteType::Write => "Write",
            WriteType::Deallocate => "Deallocate",
        }
    }
}

/// Memory Cell vector clock metadata
/// for data-race detection.
#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
struct MemoryCellClocks {
    /// The vector-clock timestamp of the last write
    /// corresponding to the writing threads timestamp.
    write: VTimestamp,

    /// The identifier of the vector index, corresponding to a thread
    /// that performed the last write operation.
    write_index: VectorIdx,

    /// The type of operation that the write index represents,
    /// either newly allocated memory, a non-atomic write or
    /// a deallocation of memory.
    write_type: WriteType,

    /// The vector-clock of the timestamp of the last read operation
    /// performed by a thread since the last write operation occurred.
    /// It is reset to zero on each write operation.
    read: VClock,

    /// Atomic acquire & release sequence tracking clocks.
    /// For non-atomic memory in the common case this
    /// value is set to None.
    atomic_ops: Option<Box<AtomicMemoryCellClocks>>,
}

impl MemoryCellClocks {
    /// Create a new set of clocks representing memory allocated
    ///  at a given vector timestamp and index.
    fn new(alloc: VTimestamp, alloc_index: VectorIdx) -> Self {
        MemoryCellClocks {
            read: VClock::default(),
            write: alloc,
            write_index: alloc_index,
            write_type: WriteType::Allocate,
            atomic_ops: None,
        }
    }

    /// Load the internal atomic memory cells if they exist.
    #[inline]
    fn atomic(&self) -> Option<&AtomicMemoryCellClocks> {
        self.atomic_ops.as_deref()
    }

    /// Load or create the internal atomic memory metadata
    /// if it does not exist.
    #[inline]
    fn atomic_mut(&mut self) -> &mut AtomicMemoryCellClocks {
        self.atomic_ops.get_or_insert_with(Default::default)
    }

    /// Update memory cell data-race tracking for atomic
    /// load acquire semantics, is a no-op if this memory was
    /// not used previously as atomic memory.
    fn load_acquire(
        &mut self,
        clocks: &mut ThreadClockSet,
        index: VectorIdx,
    ) -> Result<(), DataRace> {
        self.atomic_read_detect(clocks, index)?;
        if let Some(atomic) = self.atomic() {
            clocks.clock.join(&atomic.sync_vector);
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Checks if the memory cell access is ordered with all prior atomic reads and writes
    fn race_free_with_atomic(&self, clocks: &ThreadClockSet) -> bool {
        if let Some(atomic) = self.atomic() {
            atomic.read_vector <= clocks.clock && atomic.write_vector <= clocks.clock
        } else {
            true
        }
    }

    /// Update memory cell data-race tracking for atomic
    /// load relaxed semantics, is a no-op if this memory was
    /// not used previously as atomic memory.
    fn load_relaxed(
        &mut self,
        clocks: &mut ThreadClockSet,
        index: VectorIdx,
    ) -> Result<(), DataRace> {
        self.atomic_read_detect(clocks, index)?;
        if let Some(atomic) = self.atomic() {
            clocks.fence_acquire.join(&atomic.sync_vector);
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Update the memory cell data-race tracking for atomic
    /// store release semantics.
    fn store_release(&mut self, clocks: &ThreadClockSet, index: VectorIdx) -> Result<(), DataRace> {
        self.atomic_write_detect(clocks, index)?;
        let atomic = self.atomic_mut();
        atomic.sync_vector.clone_from(&clocks.clock);
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Update the memory cell data-race tracking for atomic
    /// store relaxed semantics.
    fn store_relaxed(&mut self, clocks: &ThreadClockSet, index: VectorIdx) -> Result<(), DataRace> {
        self.atomic_write_detect(clocks, index)?;

        // The handling of release sequences was changed in C++20 and so
        // the code here is different to the paper since now all relaxed
        // stores block release sequences. The exception for same-thread
        // relaxed stores has been removed.
        let atomic = self.atomic_mut();
        atomic.sync_vector.clone_from(&clocks.fence_release);
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Update the memory cell data-race tracking for atomic
    /// store release semantics for RMW operations.
    fn rmw_release(&mut self, clocks: &ThreadClockSet, index: VectorIdx) -> Result<(), DataRace> {
        self.atomic_write_detect(clocks, index)?;
        let atomic = self.atomic_mut();
        atomic.sync_vector.join(&clocks.clock);
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Update the memory cell data-race tracking for atomic
    /// store relaxed semantics for RMW operations.
    fn rmw_relaxed(&mut self, clocks: &ThreadClockSet, index: VectorIdx) -> Result<(), DataRace> {
        self.atomic_write_detect(clocks, index)?;
        let atomic = self.atomic_mut();
        atomic.sync_vector.join(&clocks.fence_release);
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Detect data-races with an atomic read, caused by a non-atomic write that does
    /// not happen-before the atomic-read.
    fn atomic_read_detect(
        &mut self,
        clocks: &ThreadClockSet,
        index: VectorIdx,
    ) -> Result<(), DataRace> {
        log::trace!("Atomic read with vectors: {:#?} :: {:#?}", self, clocks);
        if self.write <= clocks.clock[self.write_index] {
            let atomic = self.atomic_mut();
            atomic.read_vector.set_at_index(&clocks.clock, index);
            Ok(())
        } else {
            Err(DataRace)
        }
    }

    /// Detect data-races with an atomic write, either with a non-atomic read or with
    /// a non-atomic write.
    fn atomic_write_detect(
        &mut self,
        clocks: &ThreadClockSet,
        index: VectorIdx,
    ) -> Result<(), DataRace> {
        log::trace!("Atomic write with vectors: {:#?} :: {:#?}", self, clocks);
        if self.write <= clocks.clock[self.write_index] && self.read <= clocks.clock {
            let atomic = self.atomic_mut();
            atomic.write_vector.set_at_index(&clocks.clock, index);
            Ok(())
        } else {
            Err(DataRace)
        }
    }

    /// Detect races for non-atomic read operations at the current memory cell
    /// returns true if a data-race is detected.
    fn read_race_detect(
        &mut self,
        clocks: &ThreadClockSet,
        index: VectorIdx,
    ) -> Result<(), DataRace> {
        log::trace!("Unsynchronized read with vectors: {:#?} :: {:#?}", self, clocks);
        if self.write <= clocks.clock[self.write_index] {
            let race_free = if let Some(atomic) = self.atomic() {
                atomic.write_vector <= clocks.clock
            } else {
                true
            };
            if race_free {
                self.read.set_at_index(&clocks.clock, index);
                Ok(())
            } else {
                Err(DataRace)
            }
        } else {
            Err(DataRace)
        }
    }

    /// Detect races for non-atomic write operations at the current memory cell
    /// returns true if a data-race is detected.
    fn write_race_detect(
        &mut self,
        clocks: &ThreadClockSet,
        index: VectorIdx,
        write_type: WriteType,
    ) -> Result<(), DataRace> {
        log::trace!("Unsynchronized write with vectors: {:#?} :: {:#?}", self, clocks);
        if self.write <= clocks.clock[self.write_index] && self.read <= clocks.clock {
            let race_free = if let Some(atomic) = self.atomic() {
                atomic.write_vector <= clocks.clock && atomic.read_vector <= clocks.clock
            } else {
                true
            };
            if race_free {
                self.write = clocks.clock[index];
                self.write_index = index;
                self.write_type = write_type;
                self.read.set_zero_vector();
                Ok(())
            } else {
                Err(DataRace)
            }
        } else {
            Err(DataRace)
        }
    }
}

/// Evaluation context extensions.
impl<'mir, 'tcx: 'mir> EvalContextExt<'mir, 'tcx> for MiriInterpCx<'mir, 'tcx> {}
pub trait EvalContextExt<'mir, 'tcx: 'mir>: MiriInterpCxExt<'mir, 'tcx> {
    /// Atomic variant of read_scalar_at_offset.
    fn read_scalar_at_offset_atomic(
        &self,
        op: &OpTy<'tcx, Provenance>,
        offset: u64,
        layout: TyAndLayout<'tcx>,
        atomic: AtomicReadOrd,
    ) -> InterpResult<'tcx, Scalar<Provenance>> {
        let this = self.eval_context_ref();
        let value_place = this.deref_operand_and_offset(op, offset, layout)?;
        this.read_scalar_atomic(&value_place, atomic)
    }

    /// Atomic variant of write_scalar_at_offset.
    fn write_scalar_at_offset_atomic(
        &mut self,
        op: &OpTy<'tcx, Provenance>,
        offset: u64,
        value: impl Into<Scalar<Provenance>>,
        layout: TyAndLayout<'tcx>,
        atomic: AtomicWriteOrd,
    ) -> InterpResult<'tcx> {
        let this = self.eval_context_mut();
        let value_place = this.deref_operand_and_offset(op, offset, layout)?;
        this.write_scalar_atomic(value.into(), &value_place, atomic)
    }

    /// Perform an atomic read operation at the memory location.
    fn read_scalar_atomic(
        &self,
        place: &MPlaceTy<'tcx, Provenance>,
        atomic: AtomicReadOrd,
    ) -> InterpResult<'tcx, Scalar<Provenance>> {
        let this = self.eval_context_ref();
        this.atomic_access_check(place)?;
        // This will read from the last store in the modification order of this location. In case
        // weak memory emulation is enabled, this may not be the store we will pick to actually read from and return.
        // This is fine with StackedBorrow and race checks because they don't concern metadata on
        // the *value* (including the associated provenance if this is an AtomicPtr) at this location.
        // Only metadata on the location itself is used.
        let scalar = this.allow_data_races_ref(move |this| this.read_scalar(&place.into()))?;
        this.validate_overlapping_atomic(place)?;
        this.buffered_atomic_read(place, atomic, scalar, || {
            this.validate_atomic_load(place, atomic)
        })
    }

    /// Perform an atomic write operation at the memory location.
    fn write_scalar_atomic(
        &mut self,
        val: Scalar<Provenance>,
        dest: &MPlaceTy<'tcx, Provenance>,
        atomic: AtomicWriteOrd,
    ) -> InterpResult<'tcx> {
        let this = self.eval_context_mut();
        this.atomic_access_check(dest)?;

        this.validate_overlapping_atomic(dest)?;
        this.allow_data_races_mut(move |this| this.write_scalar(val, &dest.into()))?;
        this.validate_atomic_store(dest, atomic)?;
        // FIXME: it's not possible to get the value before write_scalar. A read_scalar will cause
        // side effects from a read the program did not perform. So we have to initialise
        // the store buffer with the value currently being written
        // ONCE this is fixed please remove the hack in buffered_atomic_write() in weak_memory.rs
        // https://github.com/rust-lang/miri/issues/2164
        this.buffered_atomic_write(val, dest, atomic, val)
    }

    /// Perform an atomic operation on a memory location.
    fn atomic_op_immediate(
        &mut self,
        place: &MPlaceTy<'tcx, Provenance>,
        rhs: &ImmTy<'tcx, Provenance>,
        op: mir::BinOp,
        neg: bool,
        atomic: AtomicRwOrd,
    ) -> InterpResult<'tcx, ImmTy<'tcx, Provenance>> {
        let this = self.eval_context_mut();
        this.atomic_access_check(place)?;

        this.validate_overlapping_atomic(place)?;
        let old = this.allow_data_races_mut(|this| this.read_immediate(&place.into()))?;

        // Atomics wrap around on overflow.
        let val = this.binary_op(op, &old, rhs)?;
        let val = if neg { this.unary_op(mir::UnOp::Not, &val)? } else { val };
        this.allow_data_races_mut(|this| this.write_immediate(*val, &place.into()))?;

        this.validate_atomic_rmw(place, atomic)?;

        this.buffered_atomic_rmw(val.to_scalar(), place, atomic, old.to_scalar())?;
        Ok(old)
    }

    /// Perform an atomic exchange with a memory place and a new
    /// scalar value, the old value is returned.
    fn atomic_exchange_scalar(
        &mut self,
        place: &MPlaceTy<'tcx, Provenance>,
        new: Scalar<Provenance>,
        atomic: AtomicRwOrd,
    ) -> InterpResult<'tcx, Scalar<Provenance>> {
        let this = self.eval_context_mut();
        this.atomic_access_check(place)?;

        this.validate_overlapping_atomic(place)?;
        let old = this.allow_data_races_mut(|this| this.read_scalar(&place.into()))?;
        this.allow_data_races_mut(|this| this.write_scalar(new, &place.into()))?;

        this.validate_atomic_rmw(place, atomic)?;

        this.buffered_atomic_rmw(new, place, atomic, old)?;
        Ok(old)
    }

    /// Perform an conditional atomic exchange with a memory place and a new
    /// scalar value, the old value is returned.
    fn atomic_min_max_scalar(
        &mut self,
        place: &MPlaceTy<'tcx, Provenance>,
        rhs: ImmTy<'tcx, Provenance>,
        min: bool,
        atomic: AtomicRwOrd,
    ) -> InterpResult<'tcx, ImmTy<'tcx, Provenance>> {
        let this = self.eval_context_mut();
        this.atomic_access_check(place)?;

        this.validate_overlapping_atomic(place)?;
        let old = this.allow_data_races_mut(|this| this.read_immediate(&place.into()))?;
        let lt = this.binary_op(mir::BinOp::Lt, &old, &rhs)?.to_scalar().to_bool()?;

        let new_val = if min {
            if lt { &old } else { &rhs }
        } else {
            if lt { &rhs } else { &old }
        };

        this.allow_data_races_mut(|this| this.write_immediate(**new_val, &place.into()))?;

        this.validate_atomic_rmw(place, atomic)?;

        this.buffered_atomic_rmw(new_val.to_scalar(), place, atomic, old.to_scalar())?;

        // Return the old value.
        Ok(old)
    }

    /// Perform an atomic compare and exchange at a given memory location.
    /// On success an atomic RMW operation is performed and on failure
    /// only an atomic read occurs. If `can_fail_spuriously` is true,
    /// then we treat it as a "compare_exchange_weak" operation, and
    /// some portion of the time fail even when the values are actually
    /// identical.
    fn atomic_compare_exchange_scalar(
        &mut self,
        place: &MPlaceTy<'tcx, Provenance>,
        expect_old: &ImmTy<'tcx, Provenance>,
        new: Scalar<Provenance>,
        success: AtomicRwOrd,
        fail: AtomicReadOrd,
        can_fail_spuriously: bool,
    ) -> InterpResult<'tcx, Immediate<Provenance>> {
        use rand::Rng as _;
        let this = self.eval_context_mut();
        this.atomic_access_check(place)?;

        this.validate_overlapping_atomic(place)?;
        // Failure ordering cannot be stronger than success ordering, therefore first attempt
        // to read with the failure ordering and if successful then try again with the success
        // read ordering and write in the success case.
        // Read as immediate for the sake of `binary_op()`
        let old = this.allow_data_races_mut(|this| this.read_immediate(&(place.into())))?;
        // `binary_op` will bail if either of them is not a scalar.
        let eq = this.binary_op(mir::BinOp::Eq, &old, expect_old)?;
        // If the operation would succeed, but is "weak", fail some portion
        // of the time, based on `success_rate`.
        let success_rate = 1.0 - this.machine.cmpxchg_weak_failure_rate;
        let cmpxchg_success = eq.to_scalar().to_bool()?
            && if can_fail_spuriously {
                this.machine.rng.get_mut().gen_bool(success_rate)
            } else {
                true
            };
        let res = Immediate::ScalarPair(old.to_scalar(), Scalar::from_bool(cmpxchg_success));

        // Update ptr depending on comparison.
        // if successful, perform a full rw-atomic validation
        // otherwise treat this as an atomic load with the fail ordering.
        if cmpxchg_success {
            this.allow_data_races_mut(|this| this.write_scalar(new, &place.into()))?;
            this.validate_atomic_rmw(place, success)?;
            this.buffered_atomic_rmw(new, place, success, old.to_scalar())?;
        } else {
            this.validate_atomic_load(place, fail)?;
            // A failed compare exchange is equivalent to a load, reading from the latest store
            // in the modification order.
            // Since `old` is only a value and not the store element, we need to separately
            // find it in our store buffer and perform load_impl on it.
            this.perform_read_on_buffered_latest(place, fail, old.to_scalar())?;
        }

        // Return the old value.
        Ok(res)
    }

    /// Update the data-race detector for an atomic fence on the current thread.
    fn atomic_fence(&mut self, atomic: AtomicFenceOrd) -> InterpResult<'tcx> {
        let this = self.eval_context_mut();
        if let Some(data_race) = &mut this.machine.data_race {
            data_race.maybe_perform_sync_operation(&this.machine.threads, |index, mut clocks| {
                log::trace!("Atomic fence on {:?} with ordering {:?}", index, atomic);

                // Apply data-race detection for the current fences
                // this treats AcqRel and SeqCst as the same as an acquire
                // and release fence applied in the same timestamp.
                if atomic != AtomicFenceOrd::Release {
                    // Either Acquire | AcqRel | SeqCst
                    clocks.apply_acquire_fence();
                }
                if atomic != AtomicFenceOrd::Acquire {
                    // Either Release | AcqRel | SeqCst
                    clocks.apply_release_fence();
                }
                if atomic == AtomicFenceOrd::SeqCst {
                    data_race.last_sc_fence.borrow_mut().set_at_index(&clocks.clock, index);
                    clocks.fence_seqcst.join(&data_race.last_sc_fence.borrow());
                    clocks.write_seqcst.join(&data_race.last_sc_write.borrow());
                }

                // Increment timestamp in case of release semantics.
                Ok(atomic != AtomicFenceOrd::Acquire)
            })
        } else {
            Ok(())
        }
    }

    /// After all threads are done running, this allows data races to occur for subsequent
    /// 'administrative' machine accesses (that logically happen outside of the Abstract Machine).
    fn allow_data_races_all_threads_done(&mut self) {
        let this = self.eval_context_ref();
        assert!(this.have_all_terminated());
        if let Some(data_race) = &this.machine.data_race {
            let old = data_race.ongoing_action_data_race_free.replace(true);
            assert!(!old, "cannot nest allow_data_races");
        }
    }
}

/// Vector clock metadata for a logical memory allocation.
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct VClockAlloc {
    /// Assigning each byte a MemoryCellClocks.
    alloc_ranges: RefCell<RangeMap<MemoryCellClocks>>,
}

impl VisitTags for VClockAlloc {
    fn visit_tags(&self, _visit: &mut dyn FnMut(SbTag)) {
        // No tags here.
    }
}

impl VClockAlloc {
    /// Create a new data-race detector for newly allocated memory.
    pub fn new_allocation(
        global: &GlobalState,
        thread_mgr: &ThreadManager<'_, '_>,
        len: Size,
        kind: MemoryKind<MiriMemoryKind>,
    ) -> VClockAlloc {
        let (alloc_timestamp, alloc_index) = match kind {
            // User allocated and stack memory should track allocation.
            MemoryKind::Machine(
                MiriMemoryKind::Rust | MiriMemoryKind::C | MiriMemoryKind::WinHeap,
            )
            | MemoryKind::Stack => {
                let (alloc_index, clocks) = global.current_thread_state(thread_mgr);
                let alloc_timestamp = clocks.clock[alloc_index];
                (alloc_timestamp, alloc_index)
            }
            // Other global memory should trace races but be allocated at the 0 timestamp.
            MemoryKind::Machine(
                MiriMemoryKind::Global
                | MiriMemoryKind::Machine
                | MiriMemoryKind::Runtime
                | MiriMemoryKind::ExternStatic
                | MiriMemoryKind::Tls,
            )
            | MemoryKind::CallerLocation => (0, VectorIdx::MAX_INDEX),
        };
        VClockAlloc {
            alloc_ranges: RefCell::new(RangeMap::new(
                len,
                MemoryCellClocks::new(alloc_timestamp, alloc_index),
            )),
        }
    }

    // Find an index, if one exists where the value
    // in `l` is greater than the value in `r`.
    fn find_gt_index(l: &VClock, r: &VClock) -> Option<VectorIdx> {
        log::trace!("Find index where not {:?} <= {:?}", l, r);
        let l_slice = l.as_slice();
        let r_slice = r.as_slice();
        l_slice
            .iter()
            .zip(r_slice.iter())
            .enumerate()
            .find_map(|(idx, (&l, &r))| if l > r { Some(idx) } else { None })
            .or_else(|| {
                if l_slice.len() > r_slice.len() {
                    // By invariant, if l_slice is longer
                    // then one element must be larger.
                    // This just validates that this is true
                    // and reports earlier elements first.
                    let l_remainder_slice = &l_slice[r_slice.len()..];
                    let idx = l_remainder_slice
                        .iter()
                        .enumerate()
                        .find_map(|(idx, &r)| if r == 0 { None } else { Some(idx) })
                        .expect("Invalid VClock Invariant");
                    Some(idx + r_slice.len())
                } else {
                    None
                }
            })
            .map(VectorIdx::new)
    }

    /// Report a data-race found in the program.
    /// This finds the two racing threads and the type
    /// of data-race that occurred. This will also
    /// return info about the memory location the data-race
    /// occurred in.
    #[cold]
    #[inline(never)]
    fn report_data_race<'tcx>(
        global: &GlobalState,
        thread_mgr: &ThreadManager<'_, '_>,
        range: &MemoryCellClocks,
        action: &str,
        is_atomic: bool,
        ptr_dbg: Pointer<AllocId>,
    ) -> InterpResult<'tcx> {
        let (current_index, current_clocks) = global.current_thread_state(thread_mgr);
        let write_clock;
        let (other_action, other_thread, _other_clock) = if range.write
            > current_clocks.clock[range.write_index]
        {
            // Convert the write action into the vector clock it
            // represents for diagnostic purposes.
            write_clock = VClock::new_with_index(range.write_index, range.write);
            (range.write_type.get_descriptor(), range.write_index, &write_clock)
        } else if let Some(idx) = Self::find_gt_index(&range.read, &current_clocks.clock) {
            ("Read", idx, &range.read)
        } else if !is_atomic {
            if let Some(atomic) = range.atomic() {
                if let Some(idx) = Self::find_gt_index(&atomic.write_vector, &current_clocks.clock)
                {
                    ("Atomic Store", idx, &atomic.write_vector)
                } else if let Some(idx) =
                    Self::find_gt_index(&atomic.read_vector, &current_clocks.clock)
                {
                    ("Atomic Load", idx, &atomic.read_vector)
                } else {
                    unreachable!(
                        "Failed to report data-race for non-atomic operation: no race found"
                    )
                }
            } else {
                unreachable!(
                    "Failed to report data-race for non-atomic operation: no atomic component"
                )
            }
        } else {
            unreachable!("Failed to report data-race for atomic operation")
        };

        // Load elaborated thread information about the racing thread actions.
        let current_thread_info = global.print_thread_metadata(thread_mgr, current_index);
        let other_thread_info = global.print_thread_metadata(thread_mgr, other_thread);

        // Throw the data-race detection.
        throw_ub_format!(
            "Data race detected between {} on {} and {} on {} at {:?}",
            action,
            current_thread_info,
            other_action,
            other_thread_info,
            ptr_dbg,
        )
    }

    /// Detect racing atomic read and writes (not data races)
    /// on every byte of the current access range
    pub(super) fn race_free_with_atomic(
        &self,
        range: AllocRange,
        global: &GlobalState,
        thread_mgr: &ThreadManager<'_, '_>,
    ) -> bool {
        if global.race_detecting() {
            let (_, clocks) = global.current_thread_state(thread_mgr);
            let alloc_ranges = self.alloc_ranges.borrow();
            for (_, range) in alloc_ranges.iter(range.start, range.size) {
                if !range.race_free_with_atomic(&clocks) {
                    return false;
                }
            }
        }
        true
    }

    /// Detect data-races for an unsynchronized read operation, will not perform
    /// data-race detection if `race_detecting()` is false, either due to no threads
    /// being created or if it is temporarily disabled during a racy read or write
    /// operation for which data-race detection is handled separately, for example
    /// atomic read operations.
    pub fn read<'tcx>(
        &self,
        alloc_id: AllocId,
        range: AllocRange,
        global: &GlobalState,
        thread_mgr: &ThreadManager<'_, '_>,
    ) -> InterpResult<'tcx> {
        if global.race_detecting() {
            let (index, clocks) = global.current_thread_state(thread_mgr);
            let mut alloc_ranges = self.alloc_ranges.borrow_mut();
            for (offset, range) in alloc_ranges.iter_mut(range.start, range.size) {
                if let Err(DataRace) = range.read_race_detect(&clocks, index) {
                    // Report data-race.
                    return Self::report_data_race(
                        global,
                        thread_mgr,
                        range,
                        "Read",
                        false,
                        Pointer::new(alloc_id, offset),
                    );
                }
            }
            Ok(())
        } else {
            Ok(())
        }
    }

    // Shared code for detecting data-races on unique access to a section of memory
    fn unique_access<'tcx>(
        &mut self,
        alloc_id: AllocId,
        range: AllocRange,
        write_type: WriteType,
        global: &mut GlobalState,
        thread_mgr: &ThreadManager<'_, '_>,
    ) -> InterpResult<'tcx> {
        if global.race_detecting() {
            let (index, clocks) = global.current_thread_state(thread_mgr);
            for (offset, range) in self.alloc_ranges.get_mut().iter_mut(range.start, range.size) {
                if let Err(DataRace) = range.write_race_detect(&clocks, index, write_type) {
                    // Report data-race
                    return Self::report_data_race(
                        global,
                        thread_mgr,
                        range,
                        write_type.get_descriptor(),
                        false,
                        Pointer::new(alloc_id, offset),
                    );
                }
            }
            Ok(())
        } else {
            Ok(())
        }
    }

    /// Detect data-races for an unsynchronized write operation, will not perform
    /// data-race threads if `race_detecting()` is false, either due to no threads
    /// being created or if it is temporarily disabled during a racy read or write
    /// operation
    pub fn write<'tcx>(
        &mut self,
        alloc_id: AllocId,
        range: AllocRange,
        global: &mut GlobalState,
        thread_mgr: &ThreadManager<'_, '_>,
    ) -> InterpResult<'tcx> {
        self.unique_access(alloc_id, range, WriteType::Write, global, thread_mgr)
    }

    /// Detect data-races for an unsynchronized deallocate operation, will not perform
    /// data-race threads if `race_detecting()` is false, either due to no threads
    /// being created or if it is temporarily disabled during a racy read or write
    /// operation
    pub fn deallocate<'tcx>(
        &mut self,
        alloc_id: AllocId,
        range: AllocRange,
        global: &mut GlobalState,
        thread_mgr: &ThreadManager<'_, '_>,
    ) -> InterpResult<'tcx> {
        self.unique_access(alloc_id, range, WriteType::Deallocate, global, thread_mgr)
    }
}

impl<'mir, 'tcx: 'mir> EvalContextPrivExt<'mir, 'tcx> for MiriInterpCx<'mir, 'tcx> {}
trait EvalContextPrivExt<'mir, 'tcx: 'mir>: MiriInterpCxExt<'mir, 'tcx> {
    /// Temporarily allow data-races to occur. This should only be used in
    /// one of these cases:
    /// - One of the appropriate `validate_atomic` functions will be called to
    /// to treat a memory access as atomic.
    /// - The memory being accessed should be treated as internal state, that
    /// cannot be accessed by the interpreted program.
    /// - Execution of the interpreted program execution has halted.
    #[inline]
    fn allow_data_races_ref<R>(&self, op: impl FnOnce(&MiriInterpCx<'mir, 'tcx>) -> R) -> R {
        let this = self.eval_context_ref();
        if let Some(data_race) = &this.machine.data_race {
            let old = data_race.ongoing_action_data_race_free.replace(true);
            assert!(!old, "cannot nest allow_data_races");
        }
        let result = op(this);
        if let Some(data_race) = &this.machine.data_race {
            data_race.ongoing_action_data_race_free.set(false);
        }
        result
    }

    /// Same as `allow_data_races_ref`, this temporarily disables any data-race detection and
    /// so should only be used for atomic operations or internal state that the program cannot
    /// access.
    #[inline]
    fn allow_data_races_mut<R>(
        &mut self,
        op: impl FnOnce(&mut MiriInterpCx<'mir, 'tcx>) -> R,
    ) -> R {
        let this = self.eval_context_mut();
        if let Some(data_race) = &this.machine.data_race {
            let old = data_race.ongoing_action_data_race_free.replace(true);
            assert!(!old, "cannot nest allow_data_races");
        }
        let result = op(this);
        if let Some(data_race) = &this.machine.data_race {
            data_race.ongoing_action_data_race_free.set(false);
        }
        result
    }

    /// Checks that an atomic access is legal at the given place.
    fn atomic_access_check(&self, place: &MPlaceTy<'tcx, Provenance>) -> InterpResult<'tcx> {
        let this = self.eval_context_ref();
        // Check alignment requirements. Atomics must always be aligned to their size,
        // even if the type they wrap would be less aligned (e.g. AtomicU64 on 32bit must
        // be 8-aligned).
        let align = Align::from_bytes(place.layout.size.bytes()).unwrap();
        this.check_ptr_access_align(
            place.ptr,
            place.layout.size,
            align,
            CheckInAllocMsg::MemoryAccessTest,
        )?;
        // Ensure the allocation is mutable. Even failing (read-only) compare_exchange need mutable
        // memory on many targets (i.e., they segfault if taht memory is mapped read-only), and
        // atomic loads can be implemented via compare_exchange on some targets. There could
        // possibly be some very specific exceptions to this, see
        // <https://github.com/rust-lang/miri/pull/2464#discussion_r939636130> for details.
        // We avoid `get_ptr_alloc` since we do *not* want to run the access hooks -- the actual
        // access will happen later.
        let (alloc_id, _offset, _prov) =
            this.ptr_try_get_alloc_id(place.ptr).expect("there are no zero-sized atomic accesses");
        if this.get_alloc_mutability(alloc_id)? == Mutability::Not {
            // FIXME: make this prettier, once these messages have separate title/span/help messages.
            throw_ub_format!(
                "atomic operations cannot be performed on read-only memory\n\
                many platforms require atomic read-modify-write instructions to be performed on writeable memory, even if the operation fails \
                (and is hence nominally read-only)\n\
                some platforms implement (some) atomic loads via compare-exchange, which means they do not work on read-only memory; \
                it is possible that we could have an exception permitting this for specific kinds of loads\n\
                please report an issue at <https://github.com/rust-lang/miri/issues> if this is a problem for you"
            );
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Update the data-race detector for an atomic read occurring at the
    /// associated memory-place and on the current thread.
    fn validate_atomic_load(
        &self,
        place: &MPlaceTy<'tcx, Provenance>,
        atomic: AtomicReadOrd,
    ) -> InterpResult<'tcx> {
        let this = self.eval_context_ref();
        this.validate_overlapping_atomic(place)?;
        this.validate_atomic_op(
            place,
            atomic,
            "Atomic Load",
            move |memory, clocks, index, atomic| {
                if atomic == AtomicReadOrd::Relaxed {
                    memory.load_relaxed(&mut *clocks, index)
                } else {
                    memory.load_acquire(&mut *clocks, index)
                }
            },
        )
    }

    /// Update the data-race detector for an atomic write occurring at the
    /// associated memory-place and on the current thread.
    fn validate_atomic_store(
        &mut self,
        place: &MPlaceTy<'tcx, Provenance>,
        atomic: AtomicWriteOrd,
    ) -> InterpResult<'tcx> {
        let this = self.eval_context_mut();
        this.validate_overlapping_atomic(place)?;
        this.validate_atomic_op(
            place,
            atomic,
            "Atomic Store",
            move |memory, clocks, index, atomic| {
                if atomic == AtomicWriteOrd::Relaxed {
                    memory.store_relaxed(clocks, index)
                } else {
                    memory.store_release(clocks, index)
                }
            },
        )
    }

    /// Update the data-race detector for an atomic read-modify-write occurring
    /// at the associated memory place and on the current thread.
    fn validate_atomic_rmw(
        &mut self,
        place: &MPlaceTy<'tcx, Provenance>,
        atomic: AtomicRwOrd,
    ) -> InterpResult<'tcx> {
        use AtomicRwOrd::*;
        let acquire = matches!(atomic, Acquire | AcqRel | SeqCst);
        let release = matches!(atomic, Release | AcqRel | SeqCst);
        let this = self.eval_context_mut();
        this.validate_overlapping_atomic(place)?;
        this.validate_atomic_op(place, atomic, "Atomic RMW", move |memory, clocks, index, _| {
            if acquire {
                memory.load_acquire(clocks, index)?;
            } else {
                memory.load_relaxed(clocks, index)?;
            }
            if release {
                memory.rmw_release(clocks, index)
            } else {
                memory.rmw_relaxed(clocks, index)
            }
        })
    }

    /// Generic atomic operation implementation
    fn validate_atomic_op<A: Debug + Copy>(
        &self,
        place: &MPlaceTy<'tcx, Provenance>,
        atomic: A,
        description: &str,
        mut op: impl FnMut(
            &mut MemoryCellClocks,
            &mut ThreadClockSet,
            VectorIdx,
            A,
        ) -> Result<(), DataRace>,
    ) -> InterpResult<'tcx> {
        let this = self.eval_context_ref();
        if let Some(data_race) = &this.machine.data_race {
            if data_race.race_detecting() {
                let size = place.layout.size;
                let (alloc_id, base_offset, _prov) = this.ptr_get_alloc_id(place.ptr)?;
                // Load and log the atomic operation.
                // Note that atomic loads are possible even from read-only allocations, so `get_alloc_extra_mut` is not an option.
                let alloc_meta = this.get_alloc_extra(alloc_id)?.data_race.as_ref().unwrap();
                log::trace!(
                    "Atomic op({}) with ordering {:?} on {:?} (size={})",
                    description,
                    &atomic,
                    place.ptr,
                    size.bytes()
                );

                // Perform the atomic operation.
                data_race.maybe_perform_sync_operation(
                    &this.machine.threads,
                    |index, mut clocks| {
                        for (offset, range) in
                            alloc_meta.alloc_ranges.borrow_mut().iter_mut(base_offset, size)
                        {
                            if let Err(DataRace) = op(range, &mut clocks, index, atomic) {
                                mem::drop(clocks);
                                return VClockAlloc::report_data_race(
                                    data_race,
                                    &this.machine.threads,
                                    range,
                                    description,
                                    true,
                                    Pointer::new(alloc_id, offset),
                                )
                                .map(|_| true);
                            }
                        }

                        // This conservatively assumes all operations have release semantics
                        Ok(true)
                    },
                )?;

                // Log changes to atomic memory.
                if log::log_enabled!(log::Level::Trace) {
                    for (_offset, range) in alloc_meta.alloc_ranges.borrow().iter(base_offset, size)
                    {
                        log::trace!(
                            "Updated atomic memory({:?}, size={}) to {:#?}",
                            place.ptr,
                            size.bytes(),
                            range.atomic_ops
                        );
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        Ok(())
    }
}

/// Extra metadata associated with a thread.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
struct ThreadExtraState {
    /// The current vector index in use by the
    /// thread currently, this is set to None
    /// after the vector index has been re-used
    /// and hence the value will never need to be
    /// read during data-race reporting.
    vector_index: Option<VectorIdx>,

    /// Thread termination vector clock, this
    /// is set on thread termination and is used
    /// for joining on threads since the vector_index
    /// may be re-used when the join operation occurs.
    termination_vector_clock: Option<VClock>,
}

/// Global data-race detection state, contains the currently
/// executing thread as well as the vector-clocks associated
/// with each of the threads.
// FIXME: it is probably better to have one large RefCell, than to have so many small ones.
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct GlobalState {
    /// Set to true once the first additional
    /// thread has launched, due to the dependency
    /// between before and after a thread launch.
    /// Any data-races must be recorded after this
    /// so concurrent execution can ignore recording
    /// any data-races.
    multi_threaded: Cell<bool>,

    /// A flag to mark we are currently performing
    /// a data race free action (such as atomic access)
    /// to supress the race detector
    ongoing_action_data_race_free: Cell<bool>,

    /// Mapping of a vector index to a known set of thread
    /// clocks, this is not directly mapping from a thread id
    /// since it may refer to multiple threads.
    vector_clocks: RefCell<IndexVec<VectorIdx, ThreadClockSet>>,

    /// Mapping of a given vector index to the current thread
    /// that the execution is representing, this may change
    /// if a vector index is re-assigned to a new thread.
    vector_info: RefCell<IndexVec<VectorIdx, ThreadId>>,

    /// The mapping of a given thread to associated thread metadata.
    thread_info: RefCell<IndexVec<ThreadId, ThreadExtraState>>,

    /// Potential vector indices that could be re-used on thread creation
    /// values are inserted here on after the thread has terminated and
    /// been joined with, and hence may potentially become free
    /// for use as the index for a new thread.
    /// Elements in this set may still require the vector index to
    /// report data-races, and can only be re-used after all
    /// active vector-clocks catch up with the threads timestamp.
    reuse_candidates: RefCell<FxHashSet<VectorIdx>>,

    /// This contains threads that have terminated, but not yet joined
    /// and so cannot become re-use candidates until a join operation
    /// occurs.
    /// The associated vector index will be moved into re-use candidates
    /// after the join operation occurs.
    terminated_threads: RefCell<FxHashMap<ThreadId, VectorIdx>>,

    /// The timestamp of last SC fence performed by each thread
    last_sc_fence: RefCell<VClock>,

    /// The timestamp of last SC write performed by each thread
    last_sc_write: RefCell<VClock>,

    /// Track when an outdated (weak memory) load happens.
    pub track_outdated_loads: bool,
}

impl VisitTags for GlobalState {
    fn visit_tags(&self, _visit: &mut dyn FnMut(SbTag)) {
        // We don't have any tags.
    }
}

impl GlobalState {
    /// Create a new global state, setup with just thread-id=0
    /// advanced to timestamp = 1.
    pub fn new(config: &MiriConfig) -> Self {
        let mut global_state = GlobalState {
            multi_threaded: Cell::new(false),
            ongoing_action_data_race_free: Cell::new(false),
            vector_clocks: RefCell::new(IndexVec::new()),
            vector_info: RefCell::new(IndexVec::new()),
            thread_info: RefCell::new(IndexVec::new()),
            reuse_candidates: RefCell::new(FxHashSet::default()),
            terminated_threads: RefCell::new(FxHashMap::default()),
            last_sc_fence: RefCell::new(VClock::default()),
            last_sc_write: RefCell::new(VClock::default()),
            track_outdated_loads: config.track_outdated_loads,
        };

        // Setup the main-thread since it is not explicitly created:
        // uses vector index and thread-id 0.
        let index = global_state.vector_clocks.get_mut().push(ThreadClockSet::default());
        global_state.vector_info.get_mut().push(ThreadId::new(0));
        global_state
            .thread_info
            .get_mut()
            .push(ThreadExtraState { vector_index: Some(index), termination_vector_clock: None });

        global_state
    }

    // We perform data race detection when there are more than 1 active thread
    // and we have not temporarily disabled race detection to perform something
    // data race free
    fn race_detecting(&self) -> bool {
        self.multi_threaded.get() && !self.ongoing_action_data_race_free.get()
    }

    pub fn ongoing_action_data_race_free(&self) -> bool {
        self.ongoing_action_data_race_free.get()
    }

    // Try to find vector index values that can potentially be re-used
    // by a new thread instead of a new vector index being created.
    fn find_vector_index_reuse_candidate(&self) -> Option<VectorIdx> {
        let mut reuse = self.reuse_candidates.borrow_mut();
        let vector_clocks = self.vector_clocks.borrow();
        let vector_info = self.vector_info.borrow();
        let terminated_threads = self.terminated_threads.borrow();
        for &candidate in reuse.iter() {
            let target_timestamp = vector_clocks[candidate].clock[candidate];
            if vector_clocks.iter_enumerated().all(|(clock_idx, clock)| {
                // The thread happens before the clock, and hence cannot report
                // a data-race with this the candidate index.
                let no_data_race = clock.clock[candidate] >= target_timestamp;

                // The vector represents a thread that has terminated and hence cannot
                // report a data-race with the candidate index.
                let thread_id = vector_info[clock_idx];
                let vector_terminated =
                    reuse.contains(&clock_idx) || terminated_threads.contains_key(&thread_id);

                // The vector index cannot report a race with the candidate index
                // and hence allows the candidate index to be re-used.
                no_data_race || vector_terminated
            }) {
                // All vector clocks for each vector index are equal to
                // the target timestamp, and the thread is known to have
                // terminated, therefore this vector clock index cannot
                // report any more data-races.
                assert!(reuse.remove(&candidate));
                return Some(candidate);
            }
        }
        None
    }

    // Hook for thread creation, enabled multi-threaded execution and marks
    // the current thread timestamp as happening-before the current thread.
    #[inline]
    pub fn thread_created(&mut self, thread_mgr: &ThreadManager<'_, '_>, thread: ThreadId) {
        let current_index = self.current_index(thread_mgr);

        // Enable multi-threaded execution, there are now at least two threads
        // so data-races are now possible.
        self.multi_threaded.set(true);

        // Load and setup the associated thread metadata
        let mut thread_info = self.thread_info.borrow_mut();
        thread_info.ensure_contains_elem(thread, Default::default);

        // Assign a vector index for the thread, attempting to re-use an old
        // vector index that can no longer report any data-races if possible.
        let created_index = if let Some(reuse_index) = self.find_vector_index_reuse_candidate() {
            // Now re-configure the re-use candidate, increment the clock
            // for the new sync use of the vector.
            let vector_clocks = self.vector_clocks.get_mut();
            vector_clocks[reuse_index].increment_clock(reuse_index);

            // Locate the old thread the vector was associated with and update
            // it to represent the new thread instead.
            let vector_info = self.vector_info.get_mut();
            let old_thread = vector_info[reuse_index];
            vector_info[reuse_index] = thread;

            // Mark the thread the vector index was associated with as no longer
            // representing a thread index.
            thread_info[old_thread].vector_index = None;

            reuse_index
        } else {
            // No vector re-use candidates available, instead create
            // a new vector index.
            let vector_info = self.vector_info.get_mut();
            vector_info.push(thread)
        };

        log::trace!("Creating thread = {:?} with vector index = {:?}", thread, created_index);

        // Mark the chosen vector index as in use by the thread.
        thread_info[thread].vector_index = Some(created_index);

        // Create a thread clock set if applicable.
        let vector_clocks = self.vector_clocks.get_mut();
        if created_index == vector_clocks.next_index() {
            vector_clocks.push(ThreadClockSet::default());
        }

        // Now load the two clocks and configure the initial state.
        let (current, created) = vector_clocks.pick2_mut(current_index, created_index);

        // Join the created with current, since the current threads
        // previous actions happen-before the created thread.
        created.join_with(current);

        // Advance both threads after the synchronized operation.
        // Both operations are considered to have release semantics.
        current.increment_clock(current_index);
        created.increment_clock(created_index);
    }

    /// Hook on a thread join to update the implicit happens-before relation between the joined
    /// thread (the joinee, the thread that someone waited on) and the current thread (the joiner,
    /// the thread who was waiting).
    #[inline]
    pub fn thread_joined(
        &mut self,
        thread_mgr: &ThreadManager<'_, '_>,
        joiner: ThreadId,
        joinee: ThreadId,
    ) {
        let clocks_vec = self.vector_clocks.get_mut();
        let thread_info = self.thread_info.get_mut();

        // Load the vector clock of the current thread.
        let current_index = thread_info[joiner]
            .vector_index
            .expect("Performed thread join on thread with no assigned vector");
        let current = &mut clocks_vec[current_index];

        // Load the associated vector clock for the terminated thread.
        let join_clock = thread_info[joinee]
            .termination_vector_clock
            .as_ref()
            .expect("Joined with thread but thread has not terminated");

        // The join thread happens-before the current thread
        // so update the current vector clock.
        // Is not a release operation so the clock is not incremented.
        current.clock.join(join_clock);

        // Check the number of live threads, if the value is 1
        // then test for potentially disabling multi-threaded execution.
        if thread_mgr.get_live_thread_count() == 1 {
            // May potentially be able to disable multi-threaded execution.
            let current_clock = &clocks_vec[current_index];
            if clocks_vec
                .iter_enumerated()
                .all(|(idx, clocks)| clocks.clock[idx] <= current_clock.clock[idx])
            {
                // All thread terminations happen-before the current clock
                // therefore no data-races can be reported until a new thread
                // is created, so disable multi-threaded execution.
                self.multi_threaded.set(false);
            }
        }

        // If the thread is marked as terminated but not joined
        // then move the thread to the re-use set.
        let termination = self.terminated_threads.get_mut();
        if let Some(index) = termination.remove(&joinee) {
            let reuse = self.reuse_candidates.get_mut();
            reuse.insert(index);
        }
    }

    /// On thread termination, the vector-clock may re-used
    /// in the future once all remaining thread-clocks catch
    /// up with the time index of the terminated thread.
    /// This assigns thread termination with a unique index
    /// which will be used to join the thread
    /// This should be called strictly before any calls to
    /// `thread_joined`.
    #[inline]
    pub fn thread_terminated(&mut self, thread_mgr: &ThreadManager<'_, '_>) {
        let current_index = self.current_index(thread_mgr);

        // Increment the clock to a unique termination timestamp.
        let vector_clocks = self.vector_clocks.get_mut();
        let current_clocks = &mut vector_clocks[current_index];
        current_clocks.increment_clock(current_index);

        // Load the current thread id for the executing vector.
        let vector_info = self.vector_info.get_mut();
        let current_thread = vector_info[current_index];

        // Load the current thread metadata, and move to a terminated
        // vector state. Setting up the vector clock all join operations
        // will use.
        let thread_info = self.thread_info.get_mut();
        let current = &mut thread_info[current_thread];
        current.termination_vector_clock = Some(current_clocks.clock.clone());

        // Add this thread as a candidate for re-use after a thread join
        // occurs.
        let termination = self.terminated_threads.get_mut();
        termination.insert(current_thread, current_index);
    }

    /// Attempt to perform a synchronized operation, this
    /// will perform no operation if multi-threading is
    /// not currently enabled.
    /// Otherwise it will increment the clock for the current
    /// vector before and after the operation for data-race
    /// detection between any happens-before edges the
    /// operation may create.
    fn maybe_perform_sync_operation<'tcx>(
        &self,
        thread_mgr: &ThreadManager<'_, '_>,
        op: impl FnOnce(VectorIdx, RefMut<'_, ThreadClockSet>) -> InterpResult<'tcx, bool>,
    ) -> InterpResult<'tcx> {
        if self.multi_threaded.get() {
            let (index, clocks) = self.current_thread_state_mut(thread_mgr);
            if op(index, clocks)? {
                let (_, mut clocks) = self.current_thread_state_mut(thread_mgr);
                clocks.increment_clock(index);
            }
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Internal utility to identify a thread stored internally
    /// returns the id and the name for better diagnostics.
    fn print_thread_metadata(
        &self,
        thread_mgr: &ThreadManager<'_, '_>,
        vector: VectorIdx,
    ) -> String {
        let thread = self.vector_info.borrow()[vector];
        let thread_name = thread_mgr.get_thread_name(thread);
        format!("thread `{}`", String::from_utf8_lossy(thread_name))
    }

    /// Acquire a lock, express that the previous call of
    /// `validate_lock_release` must happen before this.
    /// As this is an acquire operation, the thread timestamp is not
    /// incremented.
    pub fn validate_lock_acquire(&self, lock: &VClock, thread: ThreadId) {
        let (_, mut clocks) = self.load_thread_state_mut(thread);
        clocks.clock.join(lock);
    }

    /// Release a lock handle, express that this happens-before
    /// any subsequent calls to `validate_lock_acquire`.
    /// For normal locks this should be equivalent to `validate_lock_release_shared`
    /// since an acquire operation should have occurred before, however
    /// for futex & condvar operations this is not the case and this
    /// operation must be used.
    pub fn validate_lock_release(&self, lock: &mut VClock, thread: ThreadId) {
        let (index, mut clocks) = self.load_thread_state_mut(thread);
        lock.clone_from(&clocks.clock);
        clocks.increment_clock(index);
    }

    /// Release a lock handle, express that this happens-before
    /// any subsequent calls to `validate_lock_acquire` as well
    /// as any previous calls to this function after any
    /// `validate_lock_release` calls.
    /// For normal locks this should be equivalent to `validate_lock_release`.
    /// This function only exists for joining over the set of concurrent readers
    /// in a read-write lock and should not be used for anything else.
    pub fn validate_lock_release_shared(&self, lock: &mut VClock, thread: ThreadId) {
        let (index, mut clocks) = self.load_thread_state_mut(thread);
        lock.join(&clocks.clock);
        clocks.increment_clock(index);
    }

    /// Load the vector index used by the given thread as well as the set of vector clocks
    /// used by the thread.
    #[inline]
    fn load_thread_state_mut(&self, thread: ThreadId) -> (VectorIdx, RefMut<'_, ThreadClockSet>) {
        let index = self.thread_info.borrow()[thread]
            .vector_index
            .expect("Loading thread state for thread with no assigned vector");
        let ref_vector = self.vector_clocks.borrow_mut();
        let clocks = RefMut::map(ref_vector, |vec| &mut vec[index]);
        (index, clocks)
    }

    /// Load the current vector clock in use and the current set of thread clocks
    /// in use for the vector.
    #[inline]
    pub(super) fn current_thread_state(
        &self,
        thread_mgr: &ThreadManager<'_, '_>,
    ) -> (VectorIdx, Ref<'_, ThreadClockSet>) {
        let index = self.current_index(thread_mgr);
        let ref_vector = self.vector_clocks.borrow();
        let clocks = Ref::map(ref_vector, |vec| &vec[index]);
        (index, clocks)
    }

    /// Load the current vector clock in use and the current set of thread clocks
    /// in use for the vector mutably for modification.
    #[inline]
    pub(super) fn current_thread_state_mut(
        &self,
        thread_mgr: &ThreadManager<'_, '_>,
    ) -> (VectorIdx, RefMut<'_, ThreadClockSet>) {
        let index = self.current_index(thread_mgr);
        let ref_vector = self.vector_clocks.borrow_mut();
        let clocks = RefMut::map(ref_vector, |vec| &mut vec[index]);
        (index, clocks)
    }

    /// Return the current thread, should be the same
    /// as the data-race active thread.
    #[inline]
    fn current_index(&self, thread_mgr: &ThreadManager<'_, '_>) -> VectorIdx {
        let active_thread_id = thread_mgr.get_active_thread_id();
        self.thread_info.borrow()[active_thread_id]
            .vector_index
            .expect("active thread has no assigned vector")
    }

    // SC ATOMIC STORE rule in the paper.
    pub(super) fn sc_write(&self, thread_mgr: &ThreadManager<'_, '_>) {
        let (index, clocks) = self.current_thread_state(thread_mgr);
        self.last_sc_write.borrow_mut().set_at_index(&clocks.clock, index);
    }

    // SC ATOMIC READ rule in the paper.
    pub(super) fn sc_read(&self, thread_mgr: &ThreadManager<'_, '_>) {
        let (.., mut clocks) = self.current_thread_state_mut(thread_mgr);
        clocks.read_seqcst.join(&self.last_sc_fence.borrow());
    }
}