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fastjson_string_codec_methods
常见的字符串编码有:
- LATIN1 只能保存ASCII字符,又称ISO-8859-1。
- UTF-8 变长字节编码,一个字符需要使用1个、2个或者3个byte表示。由于中文通常需要3个字节表示,中文场景UTF-8编码通常需要更多的空间,替代的方案是GBK/GB2312/GB18030。
- UTF-16 2个字节,一个字符需要使用2个byte表示,又称UCS-2 (2-byte Universal Character Set)。根据大小端的区分,UTF-16有两种形式,UTF-16BE和UTF-16LE,缺省UTF-16指UTF-16BE。Java语言中的char是UTF-16LE编码。
- GB18030 变长字节编码,一个字符需要使用1个、2个或者3个byte表示。类似UTF8,中文只需要2个字符,表示中文更省字节大小,缺点是在国际上不通用。
编码 | LATIN1 | UTF8 | UTF16 | GB18030 |
---|---|---|---|---|
长度 | 定长为1 | 变长1/2/3 | 定长2 | 变长1/2/3 |
计算速度 | 快 | 慢 | 快 | 慢 |
英文存储空间 | 小 | 小 | 大 | |
中文存储空间 | ||||
典型场景 | 存储常用编码 | 计算常用编码 | 中文存储 |
为了计算方便,内存中字符串通常使用等宽字符,Java语言中char和.NET中的char都是使用UTF-16。早期Windows-NT只支持UTF-16。
UTF-16和UTF-8之间转换比较复杂,通常性能较差。
如下是一个将UTF-16转换为UTF-8编码的实现,可以看出算法比较复杂,所以性能较差,这个操作也无法使用vector API做优化。
关于Vector API 参考链接 : http://openjdk.java.net/jeps/0
static int encodeUTF8(char[] utf16, int off, int len, byte[] dest, int dp) {
int sl = off + len, last_offset = sl - 1;
while (off < sl) {
char c = utf16[off++];
if (c < 0x80) {
// Have at most seven bits
dest[dp++] = (byte) c;
} else if (c < 0x800) {
// 2 dest, 11 bits
dest[dp++] = (byte) (0xc0 | (c >> 6));
dest[dp++] = (byte) (0x80 | (c & 0x3f));
} else if (c >= '\uD800' && c < '\uE000') {
int uc;
if (c < '\uDC00') {
if (off > last_offset) {
dest[dp++] = (byte) '?';
return dp;
}
char d = utf16[off];
if (d >= '\uDC00' && d < '\uE000') {
uc = (c << 10) + d + 0xfca02400;
} else {
throw new RuntimeException("encodeUTF8 error", new MalformedInputException(1));
}
} else {
uc = c;
}
dest[dp++] = (byte) (0xf0 | ((uc >> 18)));
dest[dp++] = (byte) (0x80 | ((uc >> 12) & 0x3f));
dest[dp++] = (byte) (0x80 | ((uc >> 6) & 0x3f));
dest[dp++] = (byte) (0x80 | (uc & 0x3f));
off++; // 2 utf16
} else {
// 3 dest, 16 bits
dest[dp++] = (byte) (0xe0 | ((c >> 12)));
dest[dp++] = (byte) (0x80 | ((c >> 6) & 0x3f));
dest[dp++] = (byte) (0x80 | (c & 0x3f));
}
}
return dp;
}
由于Java中char是UTF-16LE编码,如果需要将char[]转换为UTF-16LE编码的byte[]时,可以使用sun.misc.Unsafe#copyMemory方法快速拷贝。比如:
static int writeUtf16LE(char[] chars, int off, int len, byte[] dest, final int dp) {
UNSAFE.copyMemory(chars
, CHAR_ARRAY_BASE_OFFSET + off * 2
, dest
, BYTE_ARRAY_BASE_OFFSET + dp
, len * 2
);
dp += len * 2;
return dp;
}
不同版本的JDK String的实现不一样,从而导致有不同的性能表现。char是UTF-16编码,但String在JDK 9之后内部可以有LATIN1编码。
static class String {
final char[] value;
final int offset;
final int count;
}
在Java 6之前,String.subString方法产生的String对象和原来String对象共用一个char[] value,这会导致subString方法返回的String的char[]被引用而无法被GC回收。于是使得很多库都会针对JDK 6及以下版本避免使用subString方法。
static class String {
final char[] value;
}
JDK 7之后,字符串去掉了offset和count字段,value.length就是原来的count。这避免了subString引用大char[]的问题,优化也更容易,从而JDK7/8中的String操作性能比Java 6有较大提升。
static class String {
final byte code;
final byte[] value;
static final byte LATIN1 = 0;
static final byte UTF16 = 1;
}
JDK 9之后,value类型从char[]变成byte[],增加了一个字段code,如果字符全部是ASCII字符,使用value使用LATIN编码;如果存在任何一个非ASCII字符,则用UTF16编码。这种混合编码的方式,使得英文场景占更少的内存。缺点是导致Java 9的String API性能可能不如JDK 8,特别是传入char[]构造字符串,会被做压缩为latin编码的byte[],有些场景会下降10%。
为了实现字符串是不可变特性,构造字符串的时候,会有拷贝的过程,如果要提升构造字符串的开销,就要避免这样的拷贝。
比如如下是JDK8的String的一个构造函数的实现
public final class String {
public String(char value[]) {
this.value = Arrays.copyOf(value, value.length);
}
}
在JDK8中,有一个构造函数是不做拷贝的,但这个方法不是public,需要用一个技巧实现MethodHandles.Lookup & LambdaMetafactory绑定反射来调用,文章后面有介绍这个技巧的代码。
public final class String {
String(char[] value, boolean share) {
// assert share : "unshared not supported";
this.value = value;
}
}
快速构造字符的方法有三种:
- 使用MethodHandles.Lookup & LambdaMetafactory绑定反射
- 使用JavaLangAccess的相关方法
- 使用Unsafe直接构造
这三种方法,1和2性能差不多,3比1和2略慢,但都比直接new字符串要快得多。JDK8使用JMH测试的数据如下
Benchmark Mode Cnt Score Error Units
StringCreateBenchmark.invoke thrpt 5 784869.350 ± 1936.754 ops/ms
StringCreateBenchmark.langAccess thrpt 5 784029.186 ± 2734.300 ops/ms
StringCreateBenchmark.unsafe thrpt 5 761176.319 ± 11914.549 ops/ms
StringCreateBenchmark.newString thrpt 5 140883.533 ± 2217.773 ops/ms
在JDK 9之后,对全部是ASCII字符的场景,直接构造能达到更好的效果。
MethodHandles.Lookup & LambdaMetafactory要绑定非public的方法,需要特别构造一个TRUSTED的MethodHandles。
public static BiFunction<char[], Boolean, String> getStringCreatorJDK8() throws Throwable {
Constructor<MethodHandles.Lookup> constructor = MethodHandles.Lookup.class.getDeclaredConstructor(Class.class, int.class);
constructor.setAccessible(true);
MethodHandles lookup = constructor.newInstance(
String.class
, -1 // Lookup.TRUSTED
);
MethodHandles.Lookup caller = lookup.in(String.class);
MethodHandle handle = caller.findConstructor(
String.class, MethodType.methodType(void.class, char[].class, boolean.class)
);
CallSite callSite = LambdaMetafactory.metafactory(
caller
, "apply"
, MethodType.methodType(BiFunction.class)
, handle.type().generic()
, handle
, handle.type()
);
return (BiFunction) callSite.getTarget().invokeExact();
}
if (JDKUtils.JVM_VERSION == 8) {
BiFunction<char[], Boolean, String> stringCreator = JDKUtils.getStringCreatorJDK8();
char[] chars = new char[]{'a', 'b', 'c'};
String apply = stringCreator.apply(chars, Boolean.TRUE);
System.out.println(apply);
}
public static ToIntFunction<String> getStringCode11() throws Throwable {
Constructor<MethodHandles.Lookup> constructor = MethodHandles.Lookup.class.getDeclaredConstructor(Class.class, int.class);
constructor.setAccessible(true);
MethodHandles.Lookup lookup = constructor.newInstance(
String.class
, -1 // Lookup.TRUSTED
);
MethodHandles.Lookup caller = lookup.in(String.class);
MethodHandle handle = caller.findVirtual(
String.class, "coder", MethodType.methodType(byte.class)
);
CallSite callSite = LambdaMetafactory.metafactory(
caller
, "applyAsInt"
, MethodType.methodType(ToIntFunction.class)
, MethodType.methodType(int.class, Object.class)
, handle
, handle.type()
);
return (ToIntFunction<String>) callSite.getTarget().invokeExact();
}
if (JDKUtils.JVM_VERSION == 11) {
Function<byte[], String> stringCreator = JDKUtils.getStringCreatorJDK11();
byte[] bytes = new byte[]{'a', 'b', 'c'};
String apply = stringCreator.apply(bytes);
assertEquals("abc", apply);
}
在JDK 17中,MethodHandles.Lookup使用Reflection.registerFieldsToFilter对lookupClass和allowedModes做了保护,网上搜索到的通过修改allowedModes的办法是不可用的。
在JDK 17中,要通过配置JVM启动参数才能使用MethodHandlers。如下:
--add-opens java.base/java.lang.invoke=ALL-UNNAMED
public static BiFunction<byte[], Charset, String> getStringCreatorJDK17() throws Throwable {
Constructor<MethodHandles.Lookup> constructor = MethodHandles.Lookup.class.getDeclaredConstructor(Class.class, Class.class, int.class);
constructor.setAccessible(true);
MethodHandles.Lookup lookup = constructor.newInstance(
String.class
, null
, -1 // Lookup.TRUSTED
);
MethodHandles.Lookup caller = lookup.in(String.class);
MethodHandle handle = caller.findStatic(
String.class, "newStringNoRepl1", MethodType.methodType(String.class, byte[].class, Charset.class)
);
CallSite callSite = LambdaMetafactory.metafactory(
caller
, "apply"
, MethodType.methodType(BiFunction.class)
, handle.type().generic()
, handle
, handle.type()
);
return (BiFunction<byte[], Charset, String>) callSite.getTarget().invokeExact();
}
if (JDKUtils.JVM_VERSION == 17) {
BiFunction<byte[], Charset, String> stringCreator = JDKUtils.getStringCreatorJDK17();
byte[] bytes = new byte[]{'a', 'b', 'c'};
String apply = stringCreator.apply(bytes, StandardCharsets.US_ASCII);
assertEquals("abc", apply);
}
通过SharedSecrets提供的JavaLangAccess,也可以不拷贝构造字符串,但是这个比较麻烦,JDK 8/11/17的API都不一样,不同的JDK所在包名的方法都有所不同,对一套代码兼容不同的JDK版本不方便,不建议使用。
JavaLangAccess javaLangAccess = SharedSecrets.getJavaLangAccess();
javaLangAccess.newStringNoRepl(b, StandardCharsets.US_ASCII);
public static final Unsafe UNSAFE;
static {
Unsafe unsafe = null;
try {
Field theUnsafeField = Unsafe.class.getDeclaredField("theUnsafe");
theUnsafeField.setAccessible(true);
unsafe = (Unsafe) theUnsafeField.get(null);
} catch (Throwable ignored) {}
UNSAFE = unsafe;
}
////////////////////////////////////////////
Object str = UNSAFE.allocateInstance(String.class);
UNSAFE.putObject(str, valueOffset, chars);
注意:在JDK 9之后,实现是不同,比如:
Object str = UNSAFE.allocateInstance(String.class);
UNSAFE.putByte(str, coderOffset, (byte) 0);
UNSAFE.putObject(str, valueOffset, (byte[]) bytes);
如下的方法格式化日期为字符串,性能就会非常好。
static BiFunction<byte[], Charset, String> stringCreatorJDK17 = null;
static Function<byte[], String> stringCreatorJDK11 = null;
static BiFunction<char[], Boolean, String> stringCreatorJDK8 = null;
public String formatYYYYMMDD(Calendar calendar) throws Throwable {
int year = calendar.get(Calendar.YEAR);
int month = calendar.get(Calendar.MONTH) + 1;
int dayOfMonth = calendar.get(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH);
byte y0 = (byte) (year / 1000 + '0');
byte y1 = (byte) ((year / 100) % 10 + '0');
byte y2 = (byte) ((year / 10) % 10 + '0');
byte y3 = (byte) (year % 10 + '0');
byte m0 = (byte) (month / 10 + '0');
byte m1 = (byte) (month % 10 + '0');
byte d0 = (byte) (dayOfMonth / 10 + '0');
byte d1 = (byte) (dayOfMonth % 10 + '0');
if (JDKUtils.JVM_VERSION >= 9) {
byte[] bytes = new byte[]{y0, y1, y2, y3, m0, m1, d0, d1};
if (JDKUtils.JVM_VERSION == 17) {
if (stringCreatorJDK17 == null) {
stringCreatorJDK17 = JDKUtils.getStringCreatorJDK17();
}
return stringCreatorJDK17.apply(bytes, StandardCharsets.US_ASCII);
}
if (JDKUtils.JVM_VERSION <= 11) {
if (stringCreatorJDK11 == null) {
stringCreatorJDK11 = JDKUtils.getStringCreatorJDK11();
}
return stringCreatorJDK11.apply(bytes);
}
return new String(bytes, StandardCharsets.US_ASCII);
}
char[] chars = new char[]{
(char) y0,
(char) y1,
(char) y2,
(char) y3,
(char) m0,
(char) m1,
(char) d0,
(char) d1
};
if (JDKUtils.JVM_VERSION == 8) {
if (stringCreatorJDK8 == null) {
stringCreatorJDK8 = JDKUtils.getStringCreatorJDK8();
}
return stringCreatorJDK8.apply(chars, true);
}
return new String(chars);
}
无论JDK什么版本,String.charAt都是一个较大的开销,JIT的优化效果并不好,无法消除参数index范围检测的开销,不如直接操作String里面的value数组。
public final class String {
private final char value[];
public char charAt(int index) {
if ((index < 0) || (index >= value.length)) {
throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(index);
}
return value[index];
}
}
在JDK 9之后的版本,charAt开销更大
public final class String {
private final byte[] value;
private final byte coder;
public char charAt(int index) {
if (isLatin1()) {
return StringLatin1.charAt(value, index);
} else {
return StringUTF16.charAt(value, index);
}
}
}
获取String.value的方法有如下:
- 使用Field反射
- 使用Unsafe
Unsafe和Field反射在JDK 8 JMH的比较数据如下:
Benchmark Mode Cnt Score Error Units
StringGetValueBenchmark.reflect thrpt 5 438374.685 ± 1032.028 ops/ms
StringGetValueBenchmark.unsafe thrpt 5 1302654.150 ± 59169.706 ops/ms
static Field valueField;
static {
try {
valueField = String.class.getDeclaredField("value");
valueField.setAccessible(true);
} catch (NoSuchFieldException ignored) {}
}
////////////////////////////////////////////
char[] chars = (char[]) valueField.get(str);
static long valueFieldOffset;
static {
try {
Field valueField = String.class.getDeclaredField("value");
valueFieldOffset = UNSAFE.objectFieldOffset(valueField);
} catch (NoSuchFieldException ignored) {}
}
////////////////////////////////////////////
char[] chars = (char[]) UNSAFE.getObject(str, valueFieldOffset);
static long valueFieldOffset;
static long coderFieldOffset;
static {
try {
Field valueField = String.class.getDeclaredField("value");
valueFieldOffset = UNSAFE.objectFieldOffset(valueField);
Field coderField = String.class.getDeclaredField("coder");
coderFieldOffset = UNSAFE.objectFieldOffset(coderField);
} catch (NoSuchFieldException ignored) {}
}
////////////////////////////////////////////
byte coder = UNSAFE.getObject(str, coderFieldOffset);
byte[] bytes = (byte[]) UNSAFE.getObject(str, valueFieldOffset);
当能直接获取到String.value时,就可以直接对其做encodeUTF8操作,会比String.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8)性能很多。
public static int encodeUTF8(char[] src, int offset, int len, byte[] dst, int dp) {
int sl = offset + len;
int dlASCII = dp + Math.min(len, dst.length);
// ASCII only optimized loop
while (dp < dlASCII && src[offset] < '\u0080') {
dst[dp++] = (byte) src[offset++];
}
while (offset < sl) {
char c = src[offset++];
if (c < 0x80) {
// Have at most seven bits
dst[dp++] = (byte) c;
} else if (c < 0x800) {
// 2 bytes, 11 bits
dst[dp++] = (byte) (0xc0 | (c >> 6));
dst[dp++] = (byte) (0x80 | (c & 0x3f));
} else if (c >= '\uD800' && c < ('\uDFFF' + 1)) { //Character.isSurrogate(c) but 1.7
final int uc;
int ip = offset - 1;
if (c >= '\uD800' && c < ('\uDBFF' + 1)) { // Character.isHighSurrogate(c)
if (sl - ip < 2) {
uc = -1;
} else {
char d = src[ip + 1];
// d >= '\uDC00' && d < ('\uDFFF' + 1)
if (d >= '\uDC00' && d < ('\uDFFF' + 1)) { // Character.isLowSurrogate(d)
uc = ((c << 10) + d) + (0x010000 - ('\uD800' << 10) - '\uDC00'); // Character.toCodePoint(c, d)
} else {
dst[dp++] = (byte) '?';
continue;
}
}
} else {
//
if (c >= '\uDC00' && c < ('\uDFFF' + 1)) { // Character.isLowSurrogate(c)
dst[dp++] = (byte) '?';
continue;
} else {
uc = c;
}
}
if (uc < 0) {
dst[dp++] = (byte) '?';
} else {
dst[dp++] = (byte) (0xf0 | ((uc >> 18)));
dst[dp++] = (byte) (0x80 | ((uc >> 12) & 0x3f));
dst[dp++] = (byte) (0x80 | ((uc >> 6) & 0x3f));
dst[dp++] = (byte) (0x80 | (uc & 0x3f));
offset++; // 2 chars
}
} else {
// 3 bytes, 16 bits
dst[dp++] = (byte) (0xe0 | ((c >> 12)));
dst[dp++] = (byte) (0x80 | ((c >> 6) & 0x3f));
dst[dp++] = (byte) (0x80 | (c & 0x3f));
}
}
return dp;
}
- 使用encodeUTF8方法举例
char[] chars = UNSAFE.getObject(str, valueFieldOffset);
// ensureCapacity(chars.length * 3)
byte[] bytes = ...; //
int bytesLength = IOUtils.encodeUTF8(chars, 0, chars.length, bytes, bytesOffset);
这样encodeUTF8操作,不会有多余的arrayCopy操作,性能会得到提升
- 测试代码
public class EncodeUTF8Benchmark {
static String STR = "01234567890ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWZYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwzyz一二三四五六七八九十";
static byte[] out;
static long valueFieldOffset;
static {
out = new byte[STR.length() * 3];
try {
Field valueField = String.class.getDeclaredField("value");
valueFieldOffset = UnsafeUtils.UNSAFE.objectFieldOffset(valueField);
} catch (NoSuchFieldException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
@Benchmark
public void unsafeEncodeUTF8() throws Exception {
char[] chars = (char[]) UnsafeUtils.UNSAFE.getObject(STR, valueFieldOffset);
int len = IOUtils.encodeUTF8(chars, 0, chars.length, out, 0);
}
@Benchmark
public void getBytesUTF8() throws Exception {
byte[] bytes = STR.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
System.arraycopy(bytes, 0, out, 0, bytes.length);
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws RunnerException {
Options options = new OptionsBuilder()
.include(EncodeUTF8Benchmark.class.getName())
.mode(Mode.Throughput)
.timeUnit(TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)
.forks(1)
.build();
new Runner(options).run();
}
}
- 测试结果
EncodeUTF8Benchmark.getBytesUTF8 thrpt 5 20690.960 ± 5431.442 ops/ms
EncodeUTF8Benchmark.unsafeEncodeUTF8 thrpt 5 34508.606 ± 55.510 ops/ms
从结果来看,通过unsafe + 直接调用encodeUTF8方法, 编码的所需要开销是newStringUTF8的58%
public static int encodeUTF8(byte[] src, int offset, int len, byte[] dst, int dp) {
int sl = offset + len;
while (offset < sl) {
byte b0 = src[offset++];
byte b1 = src[offset++];
if (b1 == 0 && b0 >= 0) {
dst[dp++] = b0;
} else {
char c = (char)(((b0 & 0xff) << 0) | ((b1 & 0xff) << 8));
if (c < 0x800) {
// 2 bytes, 11 bits
dst[dp++] = (byte) (0xc0 | (c >> 6));
dst[dp++] = (byte) (0x80 | (c & 0x3f));
} else if (c >= '\uD800' && c < ('\uDFFF' + 1)) { //Character.isSurrogate(c) but 1.7
final int uc;
int ip = offset - 1;
if (c >= '\uD800' && c < ('\uDBFF' + 1)) { // Character.isHighSurrogate(c)
if (sl - ip < 2) {
uc = -1;
} else {
b0 = src[ip + 1];
b1 = src[ip + 2];
char d = (char) (((b0 & 0xff) << 0) | ((b1 & 0xff) << 8));
// d >= '\uDC00' && d < ('\uDFFF' + 1)
if (d >= '\uDC00' && d < ('\uDFFF' + 1)) { // Character.isLowSurrogate(d)
uc = ((c << 10) + d) + (0x010000 - ('\uD800' << 10) - '\uDC00'); // Character.toCodePoint(c, d)
} else {
return -1;
}
}
} else {
//
if (c >= '\uDC00' && c < ('\uDFFF' + 1)) { // Character.isLowSurrogate(c)
return -1;
} else {
uc = c;
}
}
if (uc < 0) {
dst[dp++] = (byte) '?';
} else {
dst[dp++] = (byte) (0xf0 | ((uc >> 18)));
dst[dp++] = (byte) (0x80 | ((uc >> 12) & 0x3f));
dst[dp++] = (byte) (0x80 | ((uc >> 6) & 0x3f));
dst[dp++] = (byte) (0x80 | (uc & 0x3f));
offset++; // 2 chars
}
} else {
// 3 bytes, 16 bits
dst[dp++] = (byte) (0xe0 | ((c >> 12)));
dst[dp++] = (byte) (0x80 | ((c >> 6) & 0x3f));
dst[dp++] = (byte) (0x80 | (c & 0x3f));
}
}
}
return dp;
}
- 使用encodeUTF8方法举例
byte coder = UNSAFE.getObject(str, coderFieldOffset);
byte[] value = UNSAFE.getObject(str, valueFieldOffset);
if (coder == 0) {
// ascii arraycopy
} else {
// ensureCapacity(chars.length * 3)
byte[] bytes = ...; //
int bytesLength = IOUtils.encodeUTF8(value, 0, value.length, bytes, bytesOffset);
}
这样encodeUTF8操作,不会有多余的arrayCopy操作,性能会得到提升
上面这些技巧都不是给新手使用的,使用不当会容易导致BUG,如果你没彻底搞懂,就不要用!