Space-Time Dimensions

4D-dimensional space-time is much more complex due to the extra degree of freedom. Almost all of the rest of unsolved problems in physics are correlated with.

One remarkable property of both string and M-theory is that seven (7) extra dimensions are required for the theory's consistency, on top of the four dimensions in our universe.

The 10 symmetries are reflecting the 10 shapes of the chart as shown below. The 12 finite loops around the three (3) generation are denoted by the total of 12 arrows that flowing in between each of the 10 shapes.

Comparatively, four-dimensional space has an extra coordinate axis, orthogonal to the other three, which is usually labeled w to describe the two additional cardinal directions of up toward and down from, respectively.