Add go.mod for Docker Debug Image

[hellspawn679]

Which problem is this PR solving?

• fixes Pin the version of Delve in the debug images #5850

Description of the changes

• added go.mod for docker/debug

How was this change tested?

Checklist

• I have read https://github.com/jaegertracing/jaeger/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING_GUIDELINES.md
• I have signed all commits
• I have added unit tests for the new functionality
• I have run lint and test steps successfully
  • for jaeger: make lint test
  • for jaeger-ui: yarn lint and yarn test
    

[codecov]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 96.79%. Comparing base (0facc52) to head (c6397b8).
Report is 3 commits behind head on main.

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff            @@
##           main    #5852       +/-   ##
=========================================
+ Coverage      0   96.79%   +96.79%     
=========================================
  Files         0      342      +342     
  Lines         0    16522    +16522     
=========================================
+ Hits          0    15993    +15993     
- Misses        0      341      +341     
- Partials      0      188      +188     

Flag	Coverage Δ
badger_v1	8.05% <ø> (?)
badger_v2	1.81% <ø> (?)
cassandra-3.x-v1	16.61% <ø> (?)
cassandra-3.x-v2	1.74% <ø> (?)
cassandra-4.x-v1	16.61% <ø> (?)
cassandra-4.x-v2	1.74% <ø> (?)
elasticsearch-6.x-v1	18.77% <ø> (?)
elasticsearch-7.x-v1	18.84% <ø> (?)
elasticsearch-8.x-v1	19.02% <ø> (?)
elasticsearch-8.x-v2	1.80% <ø> (?)
grpc_v1	9.51% <ø> (?)
grpc_v2	7.14% <ø> (?)
kafka-v1	9.74% <ø> (?)
kafka-v2	1.81% <ø> (?)
memory_v2	1.81% <ø> (?)
opensearch-1.x-v1	18.88% <ø> (?)
opensearch-2.x-v1	18.89% <ø> (?)
opensearch-2.x-v2	1.80% <ø> (?)
unittests	95.27% <ø> (?)

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[yurishkuro]

I think you want this command to only run before L20, inside the if statement (otherwise it might fail on unsupported architectures)

[yurishkuro]

also, you can do cd /go/src/debug-delve && go mod download instead of using WORKDIR

[yurishkuro]

please write proper/descriptive PR title